ASSIGNMENT ONE Leah MURDOCK 2124840 ESSAY ONE: How have past instances of police malpractice and misconduct influenced modern professional policing? Support your answer with relevant evidence drawn from academic sources. Answer: Police misconduct can result in a variety of negative consequences, including physical harm, emotional suffering, and reputational harm. Policing guidance (2022) College of policing defines misconduct as unacceptable or improper behaviour which breached the standards of professional behaviour. Ben Bradford and Jonathan Jackson, B.B. and J.J. (n.d.) claims that it is unquestionably true that compared to the 1960s, when a royal commission on policing recorded virtually overwhelming levels of public support, the British police are now less trusted. Furthermore, Brown, R. (2023) states that public trust and consent, which are influenced by both public perception and police competence, is a core element of policing in the UK. The public's trust in the police has been trending downward, falling from 62% in 2017 to 55% in 2020, according to the 2020 Crime Survey of England and Wales. A number of high-profile incidents over the previous two years have negatively impacted public trust in the police. Both of these sources highlights that there is a lack of trust within police forces which has continuously decreased. As a result, this assignment will identify why individuals have this lack of trust and how it has influenced modern professional policing. The public's consent and trust are essential components of the UK's policing model. This trust is based not only on the police's effectiveness and ability in combating various crimes and upholding order, but also on how the public feels the police treat them. Evaw (2021) states that following the publication of the case involving the rape and murder of Sarah Everard by serving Metropolitan Police officer Wayne Couzens, the End Violence Against Women Coalition commissioned research across the country that reveals 47% of women and 40% of men reported declining trust in the police. The data also found that 76% of women think the culture of policing has to change in order to better respond to violence against women and girls. This past instance of police malpractice and misconduct has influenced modern professional policing in multiple ways, ranging from active patrols and victim care. For example, The Independent Digital News and Media (2021) states that Dorset Police will have both plain clothes and uniformed officers working outside venues across Dorset over Christmas and states that these plans were announced by Ministers as part of ‘Operation Vigilant’, after the kidnapping, murder, and rape of Sarah Everard. Moreover, not only has active patrols continued and developed more since the Sarah Everard case, but the active encouragement of police officers to follow their set code of ethics has improved greatly. The Code of Ethics was produced by the College of Policing (2022) in 2014 in its role as the professional body for policing. It sets and defines the exemplary standards of behaviour for everyone who works in policing. College of Policing (2022) states that this framework is intended to empower everyone in policing to ensure they always do the right thing and feel confident to challenge unprofessional behaviour by colleagues irrespective of their rank, role or position. In turn, the Code should help the public to have greatly enhanced trust and confidence in the police. Another positive outcome of the Code of Ethics being put into place is that it makes an overall Police Force just like any other professions who follow such codes. Home Office (2014) states that the College of Policing Chief Constable quotes, ‘’The Code of Ethics clearly defines the expectations of standards and behaviour for everyone in policing and brings policing into line with other trusted professions that have such codes, like those in medicine and law’’. Therefore, Individuals have a lot of trust in these similar professions, and with these codes bringing policing in line with them there is hope the same individuals will gain that trust in policing. Furthermore, another past instance of police malpractice and misconduct which influenced modern professional policing was the Birmingham Six case. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk, B.T. (2022) writes that in November 1974, two IRA bombs exploded in two Birmingham pubs, killing 21 people. It was an atrocity that led to six innocent Irishmen spending 16 years behind bars before their names were finally cleared. History.com Editors (2021) states that West Midlands Police allegedly physically and mentally assaulted the six individuals, and evidence was produced to win their convictions. Due to this case, existing legislation had to be re-visited in order to protect any individual against these alleged actions by the police. Shortly after the Birmingham Six case, In 1984, the Police and Criminal Evidence act was introduced. Claims.co.uk (2017) writes that this Act covers the majority of police investigation powers, including arrest, detention, questioning, access and search of premises, personal search, and sample collection. The PACE Codes of Practice, which police officers should consider and refer to when carrying out various procedures linked with their work, are also included in this Act. The Act seeks to create a reasonable balance between the exercise of power by individuals in positions of authority and the rights of the general population. To conclude, it is demonstrated that earlier situations where it is thought that police misconduct and malpractice occurred have impacted changes in legislation and brought in procedures so that an individual's rights are now more balanced with police authorities. The code of ethics demonstrates to the public that police officers must always act and conduct professionally, and the public now has more trust that police personnel can be held accountable if they do not comply with the norms of behaviour. WORD COUNT – 909 ESSAY TWO: How does media coverage affect policing strategies in relation to public protection incidents? Your answer must be based on academic research, but you may make references to relevant case studies Marketing is changing to keep up with the trends in a world that is becoming more digital. Marketers and advertisers are modifying their strategies to develop campaigns that benefit from internet advertising and social media. King, A. (2021) states that these strategies fit into three categories of media: Earned, paid, and owned media. Earned media is a third-party source which has not been paid for by a business or service. Paid media is produced within the sponsorship of a business or other entity. Lastly, Owned media are media delivery channels directly owned by an entity such as websites and apps for example. Following this, Drew, C. (2022) highlights that the best examples of media coverage include Social Media Platforms, Websites, Blogs, and Video Sharing Platforms. Furthermore, a successful working relationship between the police and the media is vital. (College of Policing, n.d.) explains how collaborating with the media to reach out to the public can aid in crime investigation, prosecution of offenders, and community safety. It can also help the public understand what the police are doing and their motivations. Due to the relationship between the police and media being vital, there is a framework in place in police that manages internal and external communications when investigators are working on an inquiry. According to the College of Policing (2013), investigators should tell the force press officer as soon as possible when the nature of an investigation signals that considerable levels of media attention are probable. The press officer can then establish a preliminary media plan and, if necessary, a full media strategy. Similarly, according to the National Police Chiefs Council (2013), the police must interact with the media in order to convey their strategic goals and, on a more practical level, to involve the public in preventing crime. Examples include issuing appeals for information about a crime that has occurred and for the identification of suspects and witnesses. An example of when this policing framework is put into place is when investigators are dealing with public protection incidents as it attracts media attention and can cause public alarm and distress which can lead to public disorder. For instance, the case of Victoria Climbie. (DBpedia n.d.) writes that Victoria Adjo Climbie, an eight-year-old girl, was tortured and killed by her great-aunt and her partner. Her passing sparked a public investigation and resulted in significant reforms to British child protection laws and policies. Chiento, A.V. (2017) highlights that Victoria Climbie’s death drew widespread media attention, with 3003 news and featured stories published, including 237 in a national newspaper. The media’s reaction to her death was harsh on the services and professionals involved and that the level of rage expressed was much higher and lasted much longer than in other cases of child abuse, exploitation, and death. Following the case of Victoria Climbie, there are many other cases which had the same media reaction, such as the case of Peter Connelly, known as Baby P. (DBpedia n.d.) expresses that Baby P died at the age of 17 months in August 2007. Over the course of several months, he sustained numerous injuries, including a broken back, eight broken ribs and fingerprint damage. In December 2006, he was the subject of a child protection order. His mother and others were convinced of causing or allowing his death on November 11, 2008. Furthermore, Elsley, S. (2015) explains the negative coverage of social workers and expresses the following. In media coverage, social workers were blamed for their failure to protect Baby P. Health professionals, including the consultant who saw Baby P, were also identified as failing in their role as child protectors. According to Garrett, P. (2009), those working in the public sector were targeted. The focus of media attention was undeniably on the social workers and children's services professionals involved in the case. This included managers, particularly Haringey's Director of Children's Services, who was fired shortly after the case was first reported in November 2008. Moreover, media coverage has affected policing strategies in relation to public protection incidents as highlighted above. From a policing standpoint, there are a variety of strategies in place for various types of incidents. For public safety incidents, the police collaborate with other agencies and attend a multi-agency risk assessment conference known as (MARAC), where they discuss these public protection incidents. Safer Derbyshire (2023) writes that MARAC meetings bring together representatives from both statutory and non-governmental organisations with the goal of sharing information and developing a safety plan for victims and their families in order to reduce the risks and likelihood of repeat victimisation. The victim is not present at the meetings but is represented by an Independent Domestic Violence Advisor who speaks on their behalf. In addition, the Jimmy Savile case was another well-known instance that received extensive media coverage. BBC (2012) writes that, according to the police, 214 offences against victims as young as eight have been documented, including 34 rapes. According to the joint report from the Metropolitan Police and the NSPCC, these crimes were committed everywhere, including hospitals and a hospice. The Crown Prosecution Service expresses regret for not bringing charges against Savile when he was still alive. As a result of this case, a new policing strategy was discovered. Gray, D. (2013) states that a joint MPS and NSPCC report into allegations of sexual abuse made against Jimmy Savile under Operation Yewtree. This report is intended to respond to the justified public interest of this case by providing a detailed analysis of Jimmy Savile’s offending profile based on the accounts provided and giving victims a voice. In conclusion, this assignment demonstrates how media coverage can draw attention to missed chances instances and put pressure on various agencies to work together, adjust how they approach handling situations so that the same mistakes are not repeated, and try to regain the public’s trust. College of Policing (2017) states that working with the media to communicate to the public can help solve crimes, bring offenders to justice, and keep communities safe. Word Count – 1001 ESSAY THREE: How effective is early intervention in preventing young people from offending or re-offending? Your answer must be based on academic research, but you may make references to relevant case studies. Understanding why young people have offended in the first place is crucial for preventing them from offending or re-offending in the future. Beyond Youth Custody (2019) states that many of these young individuals have led challenging lives that have been chaotic. Several have dealt with trauma, abuse, bereavement, growing up in local authority care, being expelled from school, developing drug or alcohol dependence, and dealing with mental health issues or personality disorders. Even though every young person will have slightly different requirements, being able to recognise them could potentially stop young people from offending or re-offending. Not only can recognising the requirement young people need to prevent offending or re-offending, but early intervention is the main source of preventing this occurring. Youth Justice Board for England and Wales states that Early intervention in youth justice is typically divided into two activities: prevention and diversion (Giulia 2023). This source stated that prevention helps to keep children out of trouble by addressing their unmet needs and vulnerabilities and promoting positive outcomes, such as encouraging them to stay in school or providing a safe home environment. On the other hand, diversion is when services intervene early with a child who has committed or is suspected of committing an offence in order to address the underlying causes of their behaviour. The child receives proportionate support and interventions to help him or her make more positive choices while avoiding a criminal record and all the stigma and limitations that come with it. Several recent publications have highlighted some of the inherent flaws in England's current system for dealing with youth crime and anti-social behaviour (Independent commission, 2010; Knuutila, A., 2010; Smith, 2010). Concerns have been raised about the levels of spending on enforcement, courts, and the use of prisons (Knuutila, A. 2010). Despite a recent decrease in youth imprisonment, it remains significantly higher than it was 20 years ago, despite the fact that crime has decreased significantly over the same period (Pople and Smith, 2010). In addition, youth imprisonment in England and Wales is much higher than in comparable countries such as Germany or France. Custodial sentences are expensive; it is estimated that placing a young person in a secure unit costs the taxpayer more than £140,000 per year (Knuutila, A. 2010). More importantly, it appears that this approach is not working; 75 percent of young people who complete a custodial sentence reoffend the following year (Independent Commission, 2010). Custody should continue to serve the purpose of protecting the public from the more serious and prolific young offenders, however, there are numerous alternatives and scientifically proven effective methods of dealing with many of the less serious offences for which a custodial sentence would not be warranted. Furthermore, there are compelling arguments for intervening earlier, before the offending behaviour becomes serious or entrenched, resulting in extensive contact with the criminal justice system (People and Smith, 2010). In the United Kingdom, a variety of early intervention programmes are currently in operation with the goal of early intervention in preventing young people from offending or re-offending. Newcastle Centre for Family Studies (2007) writes that the Youth Inclusion and Support Panels (YISPs) work with a very specific group of young people who are at high risk of offending and antisocial behaviour through a range of tailored interventions, such as family group conferencing and parenting support, which are coordinated by a dedicated key worker. On the other end of the spectrum are universal programmes such as After School Patrols, an area-based initiative designed to combat antisocial behaviour and disorder after school hours by stationing police on problematic bus routes, outside of schools, and at transportation interchanges. Despite the variety of early intervention programmes, it is important to identify and measure how effective they are and question if they are actually working to prevent youths from offending or re-offending. Local.gov.uk (2022) highlights that Police-led diversion programmes that use cautions, restorative actions, and referrals to other services to avoid arrest have been shown to reduce re-offending rates by approximately 20% compared to standard practise. However, we also know that contact with the criminal justice system increases the likelihood of re-offending. As a result, when using police-led approaches, care should be taken not to increase contact with offending communities or negative contacts with the police. Furthermore, another early intervention programme which has a high success rate is the Restorative Justice approach. The Restorative Justice in youth offending teams (2015) states that the Restorative Justice approach allows victims to meet or communicate with their offenders in order to explain the true impact of the crime; it empowers victims by providing them with a voice. It also holds offenders accountable for their actions and assists them in accepting responsibility and making amends. According to Ministry of Justice (MoJ) research, restorative justice has an 85% victim satisfaction rate and a 14% reduction in the frequency of reoffending, and that this reduction in reoffending was highly cost effective for the criminal justice system, saving an average of eight pounds for every one pound spend on delivering restorative justice. The Restorative Justice in youth offending teams (2015) also highlighted that Restorative justice consistently outperforms traditional criminal justice processes alone across a variety of offence types and severity levels. No other intervention tested in the same way as restorative justice has shown such a significant impact on reoffending. To conclude, there is evidence that early intervention and prevention strategies are effective, and that a lot of unacceptable and anti-social behaviour is caused by a lack of access to services, poor parenting, and poor education. The statistics clearly show a decrease in offending and re-offending over time, which does not happen on its own without some sort of intervention. For the strategies to be effective, agencies must collaborate and continue to refer individuals and identify what needs they have. WORD COUNT – 969 ESSAY FOUR: Are partnership approaches the most effective means of rehabilitating offenders? You must use academic research, rather than personal opinion, to support your answer. You may make reference to relevant case studies. Events, G.N. (2022) states that rehabilitation is an important component of the criminal justice system. It is based on the idea that people who commit crimes should be given the chance to change their ways and become productive members of society. This is accomplished through a variety of rehabilitation procedures adapted to the needs of the individual, such as community sentences, educational programmes, drug and alcohol treatment and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. As there are a variety of approaches in relation to rehabilitating offenders. It is important to identify these approaches and evaluate, compare and contrast them to come to light which approach is more effective in rehabilitating offenders to prevent crime and not lead them to further offend. Events, G.N. (2022) writes about Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and how successful it is compared to the other approaches. This source states that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a style of psychotherapy that is founded on the notion that our ideas, feelings, and behaviours are all linked. This therapy is meant to assist offenders in managing their mental health concerns by changing the way they think and act. It also states that CBT has been shown in studies to reduce crime and aid rehabilitate offenders. The study discovered that cognitive restructuring, anger control, and individual attention for participants were therapy factors associated with significantly lower levels of reoffending. Despite the positive outcome Events, G.N. (2022) identifies there are also disadvantages of CBT which suggests that this type of approach does not meet every individual’s needs. NHS.UK (2022) writes that you need to commit yourself to the process to get the most from it - a therapist can help and advise you, but they need an individual's co-operation for the treatment to work. Alongside this, not only is self-participation important, but regular and consistent sessions are needed for the treatment to be effective. As a result, another disadvantage that this source states is that attending regular CBT sessions and carrying out extra work between sessions can take up a lot of an individual’s time which they might not have. Moreover, another disadvantage which this source highlights is that research suggests that this type of approach may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Lastly, NHS.UK (2022) further adds that some critics argue that while this approach addresses current problems and focuses on specific issues, it does not address the possible underlying causes of mental health conditions, such as an unhappy childhood. Therefore, without identifying the root cause of an individual’s problem to treat it, the likelihood of them re-offended is much higher as the underlying cause is still present and has been avoided. Furthermore, on the other end of the scale of approaches of rehabilitating offenders, there are also Partnership approaches. This approach consists of multi-agencies working together in order to prevent crime from being committed before they occur and to rehabilitate offenders to prevent them from re-offending. Farrell, C. (2022) states that the police service cannot deal with every incident on their own, they rely on partners to help and guide them by using their specialism and skills to solve problems. An example of a partnership approach of rehabilitating offenders is a model called Multi-agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). College of Policing (2023) writes that The Criminal Justice Act 2003 mandates the police, probation, and prison services in England and Wales to collaborate as the responsible authority in each area. This is to build and monitor processes for assessing and managing risks posed by relevant violent and sexual offenders, as well as potentially hazardous individuals. These arrangements are generally known as MAPPA. In addition, the Criminal Justice Act of 2003 mandates a variety of additional agencies to collaborate with the competent authority in the execution of risk assessment and management, to the degree that it is compatible with their statutory tasks. These agencies include Local Authority Children and Adult Social services, Integrated Care Boards and other NHS Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities, Youth Offending Teams, Registered Social Landlords etc. Justice Inspectorates (2021) writes that a review of MAPPA discovered that eligible service users' re-offending had decreased since the initiative's inception. The one-year proven reoffending rate for violent and non-registered sexual offenders fell from 26% in 2000 (prior to MAPPA) to 23% in 2004. Re-offending among service users who pose the greatest risk of significant damage decreased from 29% to 16% between 2000 and 2010. However, during a project that was carried out by Home Office (2014), Results highlighted key barriers to effective multi agency model approaches, specifically the barrier of misunderstandings among professionals about what information can be shared. This source states that while the majority agreed that there was a fine balance to achieve, many people thought that certain practitioners withheld information too frequently. Furthermore, some people believe that the risk of sharing information is considered to be greater than it is. Additionally, It was thought that there were special worries about vulnerable adults' mental capacity and how this influenced information transmission. These misunderstandings were thought to have caused concerns about information sharing and ultimately have held back inter-agency collaboration and effectively safeguarding individuals. To conclude, this assignment has displayed the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of approaches of rehabilitating offenders including partnership approaches which have all been supported by evidence. To compare and contrast these approaches, it is evident that they both work and are very effective in their own ways as they both have a decreasing percentage rate of offenders re-offending. To question which is more effective is challenging as all the types of approaches have a strong message that they work to an individual’s needs, one approach could be effective for one individual, but not for the other. However, The Scottish Government (2019) states that research is less clear on the impact on reducing reoffending of employment programmes, alcohol-brief interventions or mental health interventions and more research is required to investigate their effects. However evidence does suggest that while these programmes may contribute to the positive development of offenders, they are unlikely to reduce reoffending on their own. This research suggests that the most effective means of rehabilitating offenders would be the partnership approach. A single approach does not work on its own and it needs the support and guidance of partnerships to have the most effective outcome. WORD COUNT – 1057 BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC (2012) Jimmy Savile abuse allegations: Timeline, BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19921658 (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Beyond Youth Custody (2019) Youth justice facts and figures, Beyond Youth Custody. Available at: http://www.beyondyouthcustody.net/about/facts-and-stats/ (Accessed: April 11, 2023). BelfastTelegraph.co.uk, B.T. (2022) The Beltel - a miscarriage of justice: The story of the birmingham Six, BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/podcasts/the-beltel/the-beltel-a-miscarriage-of-justice-the-story-of-the-birmingham-six/42142651.html (Accessed: April 17, 2023). Ben Bradford and Jonathan Jackson, B.B. and J.J. (no date) Public Trust and police legitimacy in Great Britain: Short term effects ..., Public trust and police legitimacy in Great Britain. Available at: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33155/1/La_Vie_des_idees_-_final_english.pdf (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Beyond Youth Custody (2019) Youth justice facts and figures, Beyond Youth Custody. Available at: http://www.beyondyouthcustody.net/about/facts-and-stats/ (Accessed: April 11, 2023). Brown, R. (2023) Approved work: Trust in the police - post, UK Parliament. Available at: https://post.parliament.uk/approved-work-trust-in-the-police/ (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Chiento, A.V. (2017) The role of the media in challenging the misuse of power in Social Work and promoting good practice in Social Work, Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/33756660/The_role_of_the_media_in_challenging_the_misuse_of_power_in_social_work_and_promoting_good_practice_in_social_work (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Claims.co.uk (2017) Pace: Police and criminal evidence act 1984, claims.co.uk ™. Available at: https://www.claims.co.uk/knowledge-base/police/pace/ (Accessed: April 17, 2023). Code of ethics (2022) College of Policing. Available at: https://www.college.police.uk/ethics/code-of-ethics (Accessed: February 17, 2023). College of Policing (2017) Media relations, College of Policing. Available at: https://www.college.police.uk/app/engagement-and-communication/media-relations (Accessed: 08 May 2023). College of Policing (2023) Multi-agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA), College of Policing. Available at: https://www.college.police.uk/app/major-investigation-and-public-protection/managing-sexual-offenders-and-violent-offenders/multi-agency-public-protection-arrangements-mappa (Accessed: April 23, 2023). DBpedia (n.d.) Killing of Peter Connelly, DBpedia. Available at: https://dbpedia.org/page/Killing_of_Peter_Connelly (Accessed: 08 May 2023). DBpedia (n.d.) Murder of victoria climbié, DBpedia. Available at: https://dbpedia.org/page/Murder_of_Victoria_Climbi%C3%A9 (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Drew, C. (2022) 13 examples of new media, Helpful Professor. Available at: https://helpfulprofessor.com/new-media-examples/ (Accessed: April 1, 2023). Elsley, S. (2015) Media coverage of child deaths in the UK: The impact of baby P: A case for influence?, University of Edinburgh Research Explorer. Available at: https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/media-coverage-of-child-deaths-in-the-uk-the-impact-of-baby-p-a-c#:~:text=Following%20the%20significant%20media%20coverage%20of%20the%20death,child%20death%20cases%20due%20to%20abuse%20and%20neglect. (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Evaw (2021) Almost half of women have less trust in police following Sarah Everard Murder, End Violence Against Women. Available at: https://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/almost-half-of-women-have-less-trust-in-police-following-sarah-everard-murder/ (Accessed: March 27, 2023). Events, G.N. (2022) Rehabilitation strategies in the Criminal Justice System, Inside Government Blog. Partnership Media Group Ltd. Available at: https://blog.insidegovernment.co.uk/criminal-justice/rehabilitation-strategies-in-the-criminal-justice-system#:~:text=Rehabilitation%20is%20a%20crucial%20aspect,tailored%20to%20the%20individual's%20needs. (Accessed: April 18, 2023). Events, G.N. (2022) Rehabilitation strategies in the Criminal Justice System, Inside Government Blog. Partnership Media Group Ltd. Available at: https://blog.insidegovernment.co.uk/criminal-justice/rehabilitation-strategies-in-the-criminal-justice-system (Accessed: April 21, 2023). Farrell, C. (2022) Policing & Partnership Working – why is this important , Careers in Blue. Available at: https://careersinblue.co.uk/partnership-working-why-is-this-important/#:~:text=Put%20simply%20it%20is%20to,to%20deal%20with%20local%20issues. (Accessed: April 23, 2023). Garrett, P. (2009) The case of `baby P’: Opening up spaces for debate on the ..., sagepub.com. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0261018309105183 (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Giulia (2023) Final report: Prevention and diversion project – youth justice board for England and Wales (February 2023), Youth Justice Resource Hub. Available at: https://yjresourcehub.uk/research-articles-reports-and-briefings-thematic-broader-research-inform/item/1077-final-report-prevention-and-diversion-project-youth-justice-board-for-england-and-wales-february-2023.html (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Gray, D. (2013) Giv ing victims a voice - letterfromsanta.nspcc.org.uk, Giving victims a voice. Available at: https://letterfromsanta.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/yewtree-report-giving-victims-voice-jimmy-savile.pdf (Accessed: 08 May 2023). History.com Editors (2021) Birmingham Six released from prison, History.com. Available at: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birmingham-six-released (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Home Office (2014) Code of ethics launched, GOV.UK. GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/code-of-ethics-launched (Accessed: April 17, 2023). Home Office (2014) Code of ethics launched, GOV.UK. GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/code-of-ethics-launched#:~:text=The%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20clearly,those%20in%20medicine%20and%20law. (Accessed: April 17, 2023). Home Office (2014) Multi-agency working and information sharing project, GOV.UK. GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/multi-agency-working-and-information-sharing-project (Accessed: April 23, 2023). Independent Commision (2010) Time for a fresh start: A report of the Independent Commission on Youth Crime and Antisocial Behaviour, The Police Foundation. Available at: https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/publication/independent-commission-on-youth-crime-and-antisocial-behaviour/ (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Justice Inspectorates (2021) JusticeInspectorates.gov.uk, Multi-agency Public Protection Arrangements. Available at: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/research/the-evidence-base-probation/specific-types-of-delivery/mappa/ (Accessed: April 23, 2023). King, A. (2021) What are the different types of media coverage?, Bastion Amplify. Bastion Amplify. Available at: https://us.bastionamplify.com/articles/three-different-types-of-media-coverage#:~:text=These%20strategies%20fall%20into%20three,paid%20media%2C%20and%20owned%20media. (Accessed: April 1, 2023). Knuutila, A. (2010) Punishing costs, New Economics Foundation. Available at: https://neweconomics.org/2010/03/punishing-costs (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Larissa Pople and David J. Smith (2010) Time trends in youth crime and in justice system responses: 10: A ne, Taylor & Francis. Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203810354-10/time-trends-youth-crime-justice-system-responses-larissa-pople-david-smith (Accessed: 08 May 2023). local.gov.uk (2022) Supporting the youngest children in the youth justice system: What works to reduce offending and improve outcomes?, Local Government Association. Available at: https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/supporting-youngest-children-youth-justice-system-what-works-reduce-offending-and#:~:text=Police-led%20diversion%20schemes%2C%20using%20cautions%2C%20restorative%20actions%20and,the%20criminal%20justice%20system%20generally%20increases%20re-offending%20rates. (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Media relations (n.d.) College of Policing. Available at: https://www.college.police.uk/app/engagement-and-communication/media-relations (Accessed: April 1, 2023). National Police Chiefs Council (2013) Policing vision 2025 - NPCC.POLICE.UK, NPCC. Available at: https://www.npcc.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/media/downloads/publications/policing-vision/policing-vision-2025.pdf (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Newcastle Centre for Family Studies (2007) Statutory framework for the Early Years foundation stage - gov.uk, Newcastle Centre for Family Studies. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/974907/EYFS_framework_-_March_2021.pdf (Accessed: 08 May 2023). NHS.UK (2022) NHS choices. NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/talking-therapies-and-counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/overview/ (Accessed: April 21, 2023). Plainclothes officer patrols outside clubs put women 'at risk' of police violence (2021) The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/plainclothes-police-officers-dorset-women-christmas-b1953684.html (Accessed: March 27, 2023). Policing guidance (2022) College of Policing. Available at: https://www.college.police.uk/guidance (Accessed: February 17, 2023). Restorative justice in youth offending teams (2015) Restorative justice in youth offending teams. Available at: https://restorativejustice.org.uk/sites/default/files/news/files/dpn8_yot_infopack.pdf (Accessed: 08 May 2023). Safer Derbyshire (2023) Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference. Available at: https://www.saferderbyshire.gov.uk/what-we-do/domestic-abuse/staff-guidance/adults/marac/multi-agency-risk-assessment-conference.aspx (Accessed: April 5, 2023). The Scottish Government (2019) What works to reduce reoffending: A summary of the evidence, Scottish Government. The Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-reduce-reoffending-summary-evidence/ (Accessed: April 23, 2023).