{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang2057\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f381\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp \fs22 }{\*\defpap 
\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused Normal Table;}{\*
\ts15\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext15 \styrsid2229903 Table Style1;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid790889
\rsid870669\rsid1055348\rsid1139421\rsid1451505\rsid1583264\rsid1842005\rsid2229903\rsid2523060\rsid2705637\rsid2826523\rsid3016078\rsid3416935\rsid3634341\rsid4664565\rsid4721515\rsid4875871\rsid5116014\rsid5197573\rsid5203004\rsid6046113\rsid6451735
\rsid6508032\rsid6513051\rsid6574930\rsid6826165\rsid6891077\rsid7407970\rsid7739344\rsid7748064\rsid8224174\rsid10496108\rsid10505959\rsid11279027\rsid11370229\rsid11628637\rsid11682192\rsid11688021\rsid11998960\rsid12474392\rsid12940963\rsid13661412
\rsid13700941\rsid13707418\rsid14042633\rsid14049716\rsid14831512\rsid15350848\rsid16018773\rsid16386948\rsid16474281\rsid16663684}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0
\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title Index of terms}{\author IT}{\operator Caroline Lohmann-Hancock}{\creatim\yr2016\mo9\dy22\hr19\min31}{\revtim\yr2016\mo9\dy22\hr19\min31}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages12}{\nofwords4652}{\nofchars26518}{\*\company CYD}
{\nofcharsws31108}{\vern57435}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1740\margt1440\margb1110\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves0\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen
\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3
\jcompress\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\viewnobound1\rsidroot1583264 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang 
{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9
\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2523060 SJEQ7001 Lecture 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7748064 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Index of terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri246\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2281\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin246\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Audit trail\tab 
The systematic presentation of material gathered within a naturalis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 tic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 study that allows others to follow and audit the researchers thinking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021  and conclusions about the data}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2035\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2035\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1923\li1985\ri123\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin123\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Att}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 rition               \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A reduction in the number of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 participants during the course of a study. If more participants withdraw from one group than another group, this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 introduce bias and threaten the internal validity of the research.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1924\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 Bias                      }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Any influence that distorts the results o}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  a research study.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li61\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin61\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1923\li1985\ri185\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin185\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1583264\charrsid11688021 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 racketing\tab A process used by researchers working within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
usser}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 heno
menological tradition to identify their preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under investigation in order to clarify how personal biases and experience might influence what is seen, heard and reported.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1973\li2035\ri185\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tqr\tx1141\tx2396\tx2501\tx3826\tx6931\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin185\lin2035\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Categorical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021             }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A variable with discrete values to g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 a person's gender or a person's
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2285\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 able               }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 marital status).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li61\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2285\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin61\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Central tendency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A measure of the typicality or centrality of a set of scores the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 
\par                                   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 three main Measures of central tendency are mean, median and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 
\par                                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 mode.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1973\li2035\ri370\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin370\lin2035\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1924\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Clinical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 trial           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A large-scale experiment designed to test the effectiveness of a
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 clinical treatment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2035\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2035\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1985\li1985\ri308\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2127\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin308\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7748064 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Coding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7748064   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7748064  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  A procedure}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
for transforming raw data into a standardised format for data analysis purposes. Coding qualitative data involves identifying recurrent words, concepts or themes. In positivist research, coding involves attaching numerical values to categories
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1973\li2035\ri308\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin308\lin2035\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
confidence interval identifies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 range of values that includes the true
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri123\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin123\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7748064 Interval                     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 population value of a particular characteristic at specified probability  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021     
\par                                   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 level (usual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  95%).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1850\li1912\ri123\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2396\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin123\lin1912\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Confounding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021         }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
 A variable, other than the variable(s) under investigation, which i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 s   
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 variable                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 not controlled for and which may distort the results of experimental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021   
\par                              }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 research.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li72\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin72\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6451735\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Constant comparative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021\charrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A procedure used during grounded theory research whereby new}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021    
\par method                           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 gathered data are continually compared with previously collected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021  
\par                                       data in order to refine the development of theoretical categories
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021 
Content analysis            A procedure for organising narrative, qualitative data into emerging 
\par                                       themes and concepts
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021 Continuous variable      A variable that can take }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13700941 on an infinite range of values along a specific 
\par                                       continuum (eg weight, height)
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2127\li2127\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin2127\itap0\pararsid870669 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13700941 Control                          Processes employed }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid870669 
to hold the conditions under which an investigation is carried out uniform or constant. In a true experimental design, the control group is the group that does not receive the intervention or treatment under investigation. The scores on the dependent vari
able for the control and the experimental groups are used to evaluate the effect of the independent variable. In other experimental designs, this group may be referred to as the comparison group.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid870669 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2127\li2127\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin2127\itap0\pararsid870669 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid870669 Core category      \tab The central category that is used to int
egrate all the categories identified in grounded theory research.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11688021 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid870669 
\par Correlation \tab The degree of association between two variables. A tendency }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6508032 for variation in one variable to be linked to variation in a second variable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid870669 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6508032 
\par Correlation \tab \tab A measure of the degree of relationship between two variables. A
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2127\li2127\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin2127\itap0\pararsid6508032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6508032 
Coefficient                    correlation coefficient lies between + 1.0 (indicating a perfect positive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6508032\charrsid6508032 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid6508032 
elationship), through 0 (indicating no relationship between two variables)) to -1.0 (a p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6508032\charrsid6508032 erfect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid6508032 
 negative relationship).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11628637 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2127\li2127\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin2127\itap0\pararsid6891077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11628637 Data saturation\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11628637\charrsid4721515 The point }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6891077\charrsid4721515 at which data collection can cease.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 This point of closure is arrived at when the information that is being shared with the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi33\li2127\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2127\itap0\pararsid1842005 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 researcher becomes repetitive and c
ontains no new ideas, so the researcher can be reasonably confident that the inclusion of additional participants is unlikely to generate any new ideas. (Sometimes simply
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li1407\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1407\itap0\pararsid1842005 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 fe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 rred to as saturation).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1842005\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri183\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2304\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin183\lin0\itap0\pararsid1842005 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1842005\charrsid4721515 Deductive                     }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 A logical process of developing specific predictions (h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 
potheses) from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515 reasoning                      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 
general principles This type of reasoning moves from the general to
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1959\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 the particular.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2387\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515 De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ndent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515                    
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 In experimental research\'84 the dependent variable is the variable
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2020\ri489\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2249\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin489\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 variable\tab 
presumed within the research hypothesis to depend on (he caused by) another variable (the independent variable); it is sometimes
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx9224\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 referred to as the outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515  variable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-61\li61\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2387\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin61\itap0\pararsid4721515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515 Descriptive                  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Statistical methods used to describe or summarise data collected from
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri918\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2387\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin918\lin2020\itap0\pararsid4721515 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 statistics\tab 
a specific sample (e.g. mean, median, mode, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 range,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 standard deviation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid4721515 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1898\li1959\ri306\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2387\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin306\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Determinism\tab 
The belief that everything is caused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 specified factor's }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 (antecedent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
factors) in a predictable way rather than haphazardly, a key assu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 mption }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid4721515 within the positivist paradigm.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515\charrsid4721515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5116014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Eth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4721515 no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 graphy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4721515 \tab 
A research methodology associated with anthropology and sociology that systematically describes the culture of a group of people. The goal of ethnographic research }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5116014 is to understand the natives
\rquote /insiders\rquote  view of their own world (an emic view of the world)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5116014 
\par Ethnomethodology     Systematic study of the ways in which people use social interaction to make sense of their situation and create their \lquote reality\rquote . This research methodology, associated with sociology,
 focuses on how people understand their everyday activities.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5116014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5116014 Etic perspectives        A term used by ethnographers  to refer to the outsider
\rquote s view of the 
\par (etic view)\tab          experiences of a specific  cultural group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1055348  (see emic perspectives)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5116014 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1055348 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6046113 
\par Experimental\tab        A research methodology used to establish cause-and-effect relationships            
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid6046113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6046113 
research                    between the independent and dependent variables by means of manipulation of variables, control and randomisation. A true experiment in
volves the random allocation of participants to experimental and control groups, manipulation of the independent variable and the introduction of a control group (for comparison purposes). Participants are assessed before and after the manipulation of the
 independent variables in order to assess its effect on the dependent variable in order to assess its effect on the dependent variable (the outcome).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14042633 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14042633 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14042633 Experimental \tab 
       In experimental research the group of subjects who receive the experimental  group                        treatment or intervention under investigation.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14042633 Extraneous \tab 
       A variable that interferes with the relationship between the independent and variable                    dependant variables }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 and which therefore needs to be controlled for in some
\par                                  way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14042633  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5116014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6046113   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 Field notes \tab       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid2229903 Notes taken by researchers to record unstructured observations they 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1102\ri306\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin306\lin1102\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid2229903             M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid2229903 ake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid2229903 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid2229903 in the field}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid2229903 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid2229903  and their interpretation of those observations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid2229903 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri306\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin306\lin1843\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Focus group\tab 
An interview conducted with a small group of people to explore their ideas on a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903  pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 rticular topic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 Frequency               }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A visual display of numerical values ranging fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 om}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  the lowest to the
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 distribution             }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 highest. showing the number of times (frequency) each value occurs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 Grounded theory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 A research approach used to develop conceptual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid13707418 categories/theory}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
about social processes inductively from real-world observations (data)
\par from a selected group of people. The researcher May subsequently
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid13707418 make further observations to test out the develop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid13707418 ategories/t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 heory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 Hypothes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903               }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 A statement that predicts the relationship between variables
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903                                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 (specifically the relationship between the independent and dependent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418                                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 va}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid13707418 riable}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 s)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021  A hypothesis may be}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 directional or non}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid13707418 directio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 nal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 Directional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903              }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the nature and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 hypothesis (or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903         }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903  variables,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 one-tailed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903                }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
Non-directional hypothesis (or two-tailed hypothesis)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 hypothesis)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903             }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 
A hypothesis that does not specify the nature and direction of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par                                }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 relationship between the independent and dependent variables.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 Independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 The variable (or antecedent) that is assumed to cause or influence the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 Variable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903            }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 dependent variable(s) or outcome. The independent variable is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1418\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid790889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2229903\charrsid11688021 manipulated in experimental research to observe its effect on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 dependent variable(s). It is sometimes referred to as the treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid790889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid13707418 ariabl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 e.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2229903 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid790889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 Inductive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 A logical process of reasoning used to develop more general rules
\par reasonin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid790889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid790889 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 from specific observations this type of reasoning moves from the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid790889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 specific' to the more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 eneralised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid790889 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 Inferential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid790889  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 Statistics that allow a researcher to make inferences about whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid790889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 Statistics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 relationships observed in a sample are likely to occur in the wider
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1418\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid790889 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 
population from which that sample was drawn Inferential statistics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 use logic and mathematical processes in order to test hypotheses;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 relating to a specific population based on data gathered from a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 sample of the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 pu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889\charrsid11688021 ation of interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2464\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2229903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid790889 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid13707418 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 informed consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 The process of obtaining voluntary participation of individuals in research based on a full understanding of the possible, benefits and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 risks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13707418 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid11682192 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8224174 Int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 
errater reliability  A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 measure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  cons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 istency bet}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 en the ratings/values assigned to an
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11682192 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 (interobserver          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 attribute that is, being rated or observe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 d, it is usually expressed as) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 
percentage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1843\li1843\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid11682192 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 reliability)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 ment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  between two raters/observers or as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
oefficient of agreement which may then be expressed as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  probability. Usually emplo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11682192 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 by researchers using structured }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 observation techniques.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 
\par Interview\tab A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\super\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 method }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  data collection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 involving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  an inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 viewer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  asking questions of another person (a respondent) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 either face-to-face }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 or over the telephone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10496108 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 Structured }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 \tab 
       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 interviewer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021  asks the res}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 pondents the same q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 uest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 ons usin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021  an interview }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10496108 interview\tab        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 schedule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192\charrsid11688021 form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 
al instrument that specifies the precise wording and  
\par                                  Ordering of all the questions to be asked of each respondent.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11682192 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li122\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2435\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin122\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1985\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Unstructured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7407970 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 The researcher asks open-ended questions which give the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1980\li1980\ri122\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1985\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin122\lin1980\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 Interview\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 respondent considerable freedom to talk freely on the topic and to influence the direction of the interview since there is no predetermined plan about the specific information to be gathered from those being }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10496108 interviewed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1898\li2020\ri122\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2435\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin122\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid10496108\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri244\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2435\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin244\lin2020\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 Likert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  scale\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10496108 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 method used to measure attitudes, which involves respondents indicating their degree of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements. Scores are summed to give a composite measure of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10496108 attitudes,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1898\li2020\ri673\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2435\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin673\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2162\li2020\ri673\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2435\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin673\lin2020\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Mean\tab A descriptive statistic used as a measure of central tendenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\super\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 . All scores in a set of scores are added together and divided by the number of su}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 bj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ects.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li144\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin144\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Measurement scale}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
Measurement of a phenomenon or property means assigning a number or category to represent it. The methods used to display and/or analyse numerical (quantitative) data will depend on the type of scale used to measure the variable
(s). There are four scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio, The data associated with each measurement scale are referred to as nominal data, ordinal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 data, interval data and ratio data }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10496108 respecti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 vely}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid10496108 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2081\ri122\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2475\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin122\lin2081\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Nominal scale\tab 
the lowest level of measurement that involves assigning characteristics into categories which are mutually exclusive, but which lack any intrinsic order (e.g. classification by gender or by the colour of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 son's}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 hair}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2081\ri183\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2475\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin183\lin2081\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Ordinal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ale\tab 
these categories can be used to ran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  order a variable but the \emdash 
 intervals between categories are not equal or fixed (e.g strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree, social class I professional. if semi-professional, Il}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 a non-manual, lllb manual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 IV semi-skilled, and V unskilled).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108\charrsid11688021 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 nterval scale\tab 
the categories are ordered and there are equal intervals between points on the scale, but the zero point on the scale is arbitrary so that a particular measure cannot: be said to be 'twice as' large as another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 measure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\super\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  same scale (e.g.degrees Centigrade)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2081\ri122\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2475\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin122\lin2081\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 
\par Rat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 io scale\tab scores, are assigned on a scal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  with equal intervals and also a true zero point (e.g. measurement in yards. feet a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 inches}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  or in metres and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10496108\charrsid10496108 centimet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10496108\charrsid10496108 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10496108 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li2127\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2127\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2127\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid10505959 edian \tab A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  descriptive statistic used to measure; central ten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 dency. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 he median
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2005\li4132\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4132\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
is the score/value that is exactly in the middle of a distribution (i.e. the
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 value above which and below which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959\charrsid10505959 50%}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 of the scores lie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi142\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 Meta-analysis \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A statistical technique for combining and integrating the data }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 derived
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2127\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin2127\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 from a number of experi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 mental studies undertaken on a specific topic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959\charrsid10505959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin0\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959   Method slurring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 This term is used to describe the tendency of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 some researchers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 to
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2127\ri864\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin864\lin2127\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 combine qualitative research approaches w}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 thou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid10505959 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  adequately acknowledging the epistemological origins a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 d assumptions tha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 t underpin the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 methodo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ogies they are blending.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li2127\ri432\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin432\lin2127\itap0\pararsid10505959 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 Mode  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A descriptive statistic that is a measure of central }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 dencv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 it is the score/value that occurs most fre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 uently in a distribution of score:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li142\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin142\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 Naturalistic \tab             }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 paradigm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  assumes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 
 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  multiple}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959  interpretations of reality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10505959 paradigm\tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 and that the goal of researchers working within this perspective is to 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 understand
 how individuals construct their own reality within their social context. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Negative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 A relationship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 b}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 etween two variables where higher values on one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 correlation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 variable tend to he associated with lower values on the second}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 
variable; sometimes referred to as an inverse relationship (e.g. age of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi655\li1482\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1482\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 non-vintage cars and their market value).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Nonparametric}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Statistical tests that can be used to analyse nominal or ordinal data;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 statistics}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 they involve fewer rigorous assumptions about the underlying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 distribution of variables}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li142\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin142\itap0\pararsid15350848 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Nonsignificant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 The results of a statistical test which indicates that the outcomes of an result                            }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 experimental research study could have occurred through random}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 variation (or chance) at a specified level of significance, rather than as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 a result }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid15350848\charrsid15350848 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 f manipulation of the in\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848\charrsid15350848 ind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848\charrsid15350848 pe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 ndent variable.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 Null }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 hypothesis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021  statement that there is no relationship between the independent and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 dependent variables and that any relationship observed is 
due" to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 chance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 or fluctuations in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 ampling.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Observation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 A method of data collection in which data are gathered through visual}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 observations.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Structured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 The researcher determines at the outset precisely what behaviours}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 observation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 are to be observed and typically uses a standardised checklist to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 
record the frequency with which those behaviours are observed over a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 specified time period.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Unstructured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 The researcher uses direct observation to record behaviours as they}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 observation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 occur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021  with no preconceived ideas of what will be seen; there is no}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 predetermined plan about what will he observed
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 One-tailed test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Used by a researcher when testing a directional (or one-tailed)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 hypothesis, this type of test of statistical significance u
ses only one tail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 of an underlying distribution of scores/values to determine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 significance.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 Operational}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 The procedures or operations used to observe or measure a specific}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid15350848 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 ition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 concept. Operationa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 
isation is the process of translating specific}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 research concepts into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid15350848 observable phenomena that are measura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848\charrsid15350848 ble}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1995\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid2826523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 p }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 value}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid2826523  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2826523 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523\charrsid11688021 p is the symbol for the probability that is associated with the outcome}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid11279027 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 
of a test: of the null hypothesis (i.e. it is the probability that an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2826523 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 served inferential s
tatistic occurred through chance variation). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15350848 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 f the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 p value is less than or equal to the stated significance level - often set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 at 5% (p <0.05) or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412 %}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid13661412\charrsid11688021 <}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 0.01)\tab then the researcher concludes that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance and are more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 likely to have occurred because of the manipulation of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 independent variable; the results are said to be 'statistically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 significant'. if the p value is greater than the significance level, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 researcher concludes that the results are likely to have occurred by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412 chan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412\charrsid13661412 ce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412  variatio}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412\charrsid13661412 n,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412  and the results are said to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid13661412\charrsid13661412 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid13661412 e 'nonsignificant'
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2279\li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid11279027 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 Paradigm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11279027  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 Kuhn defines a paradigm in two ways: first as the entire constellation
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid13661412 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 
of beliefs, values and techniques shared by a scientific community:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2137\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2137\itap0\pararsid11279027 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 and secondly as the procedures used to solve specific pro
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 lems and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 ta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 
e theories to their logical conclusion. Kuhn also suggests that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027\charrsid11688021 paradigms function as maps or guides, dictating the kinds of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11279027 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi178\li1959\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1959\itap0\pararsid13661412 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
procedure that are used to tackle particular problems.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri183\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx7656\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin183\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 uba
 and Lincoln (1998, p.195) argue: From our perspective, both qualitative and quantitative Methods may be used appropriately with any research paradigm. Questions of method are secondary to questions of paradigm, which we define as the basic belief system 
o
r worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologically fundamental ways'. They go on to assert: 'Paradigm issues are crucial; no inquirer  ought to go about the business of inquiry without being 
c
lear about. just what paradigm informs and guides his or her approach (p.218). [Reference: Guha, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (editors) The landscape of qualitative research
: theories and issues, Thousand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412 Oaks, California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412  S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412 ge,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\sub\insrsid13661412  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid13661412 195-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 220}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid13661412 ].
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Guha and Lincoln (1998, p.195) argue: 'From our perspective, both qualitative and quantitative methods may be used appr
opriately with any research paradigm. Questions of method are secondary to questions of paradigm, which we define as the basic belief system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologicall
y
 fundamental ways'. They go on to assert: 'Paradigm issues are crucial; no inquirer? ought to go about the business of inquiry without being clear about just what paradigm informs and guides his or her approach (p.218). [Reference: Cuba, E.G. and Lincoln.
 Y.S.  (1998) 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (editors) The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, Thousand
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx9180\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Oaks, California: Sage, pp.195}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 220}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 ]
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri122\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin122\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 For the purpose of the distance learning rese
arch modules, we use the term paradigm to denote a worldview based on a set of values and philosophical assumptions that are shared by a particular academic community and tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  guide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid16018773 their approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid16018773 esea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 rch.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2020\ri734\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin734\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Parameter\tab A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773  c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 haracteristic of a population (e.g the mean age of all nurses studying the MSc in Nursing by distance learning with the R}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 N
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Institute).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16018773\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li61\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin61\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14831512 Parametric.                 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A type of inferential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14831512 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 tatis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid14831512 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ic that involves the, estimation of at least one,
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2020\ri244\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin244\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 statistics\tab parameter. Such test}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14831512 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 require either interval or ratio data and involve a number of assumptions about the variables under investigation including the fact that the variable is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid14831512 normally distributed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14831512\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid14831512 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Phenomenology}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14831512           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A research methodology which has its roots in philosophy and which\line focus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  on the lived experience of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 individu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 als}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1959\li2020\ri489\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin489\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid7739344 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri489\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2424\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin489\lin2020\itap0\pararsid7739344 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Population\tab 
A well-defined group or set that has certain specified properties (e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 .g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  all registered midwives }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970\charrsid11688021 wor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 king full}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid7407970 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 tim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  in Scotland).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri551\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx7498\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin551\lin2020\itap0\pararsid3416935 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Positive correlation }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 lationship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  between two variables where higher values on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  variable tend to he associated with higher }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 values}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 econd variable (e.g. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7739344 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 hysica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 l ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 tivit}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  level and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 pulse rate).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-61\li61\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1985\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin61\itap0\pararsid3416935 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Positi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7739344 vism\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 This paradigm assumes that human behaviour is determined by
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 external stimuli and that is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7739344 poss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ible to use the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935 pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 inci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935 ples}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 , and method traditionall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid3416935 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  emplo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ed b}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  the natural}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935  scientist to observe and measure social phenomena.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3416935 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid14049716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Qua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7407970 li}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 tative data}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid14049716  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Information }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 gathered in narrative (nonnumeric}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 
) form (e.g. a transcript}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 unstructured interview).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid14049716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Qua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ul\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 ntitafiva }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 data}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 \tab Information gathered in numeric form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid14049716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Quasi-experiment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid14049716  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 A type of experimental design where random assignment to gr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 ou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 ps is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 
not employed for either ethical or practical reasons, but certain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 methods of control are employed and the independent variable i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970\charrsid7407970 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 pu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970\charrsid7407970 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 ated.   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2020\li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid14049716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Randomisation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid14049716  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 The random assignment of subjects to experimental and control}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li1300\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1300\itap0\pararsid14049716 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 
groups (i.e. the allocation to groups is determined by chance). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3016078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid11688021 Randomised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid3016078  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078 \tab          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 In a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid7407970 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid7407970 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 , }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 participants are randomly assigned either to an intervention
\par controlled trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078 \tab          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 group (e.g. a drug treatment) or to a control group (e.g. a placebo
\par (ROT)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078 \tab \tab          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 treatment). Both groups are followed up over a specified period of
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3016078 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078 tim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 e and the effect's of the intervention on specific outcomes
\par (dependent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid7407970 variables)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021 
defined at the outset are analysed (e.g. serum
\par cholesterol levels, death }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid7407970 rates, remission rates).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3016078\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid11688021 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid11688021 dom sampling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid3634341  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid11688021 A process of selecting a sample whereby each member of the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid7407970 population has an equal chance of being }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid7407970 ncluded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14049716\charrsid7407970 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid11688021 Range }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341 
\tab \tab           }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid11688021 A measure of variability indicating the difference between the highest
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341\charrsid7407970 and lowest values in a distribution of scores.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3634341 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Reliability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Reliability is concerned with the consistency and dependability of a
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 
measuring instrument, i.e. it is an indication of the degree to which it
\par gives the same answers over time, across similar groups and
\par irrespective of who administers it. A. reliable measuring instrument will
\par always give the same result on different occasions assuming that
\par what is being measured has not changed during the intervening
\par p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 rio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 A number of techniques can be used to ensure the reliability of a
\par standardised measuring instrument such as an attitude questionnaire,
\par personality test or pressure sore risk calculator. These include test-
\par retest, split-half and alternate forms. There are also statistical tests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 that can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid7407970 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 used to assess reliability such as Cronbach Alpha and the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Spearman rho correlation coefficient t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 est.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 

\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Research}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Different approaches, to systematic: inquir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  developed within a 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 Methodology\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 particular paradigm with associated epistemological assumptions (e.g.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid7407970 perimental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 earc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 h, g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 round}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 d theory. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7407970 e}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 thno}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid7407970 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 eth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 odolo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 gy)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-84\li84\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin84\itap0\pararsid7407970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Research method}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid5203004  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004       }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 Specific procedures used to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16663684\charrsid16663684  g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 ather and anal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684\charrsid16663684 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 se research data}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16663684 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Research question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 A clear statement in the form of a question of the specific issue that a
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16663684 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16663684 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 searcher wishes to answer in order to address a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 research }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 problem.
\par A research problem is an issue that lends itself to systematic
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2952\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16663684 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid16663684 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid16663684 investigation through research.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1985\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 Response}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5203004  rate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid5203004  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 The proportion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684  (percentage) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 of those invited to participate in  a
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5203004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 research stud}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16663684 y w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  actually d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004\charrsid11688021  so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid3634341 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5203004 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 amp
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 ling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid12474392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 \tab          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 The process of selecting a subgroup of a population to represent the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6822\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 entire population}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 There are several different t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 pes of sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 mpling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 including:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi1985\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Simple rando}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 , sampling
\par this probabilit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 y sampling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  method gives }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 ach eligible element/unit an
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi1985\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx5058\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 equal chance of being selecte}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 d in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 the sam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 ple; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 random procedures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 are
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi1985\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1467\tx2790\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 employed\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 to select a sample }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 using}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid12474392  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392 sampling frame.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx7614\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Systematic sampling \tab 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 
a probability sampling strategy involving the selection of participants
\par randomly drawn from a population at fixed intervals (e.g. every 20th
\par nam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 fro}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 a sampling frame).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par 
\par Cluster sampling
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 a probability sampling strategy involving successive sampling of units
\par (or clusters); the units sampled progress from larger ones to smaller
\par on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 es}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 (e.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 g.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 health autho}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 rity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 /health }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid16663684 board, trust, senior managers).

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Convenience sampling (also referred to as accidental
\par sampling) a non-probability sampling strategy that uses the most
\par easily }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid16663684 accessible people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid12474392\charrsid16663684 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid16663684 (or objects) to participate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 in a study}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Purposive/purposeful sampling-. a non-probability sampling strategy in
\par which the researcher selects participants who are considered to be
\par typical of the wider population (sometimes referred to as judgmental
\par sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 mpl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 ing).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Quota sampling
\par a non-probability sampling strategy where the researcher identifies the
\par various strata of a population and ensures that all these strata are
\par proportionately represented within the sample to increase its
\par re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12474392 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ul\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 ntativen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 ess.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Snowball sampling
\par a non-probability sampling strategy whereby referrals from earlier
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid16663684 participants are used to gather the required number of participants.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392\charrsid11688021 Theoretical sampling
\par the selection of individuals within a naturalistic research study, based}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392  on emerging findings as the study progresses }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
to ensure that key issues are adequately represented.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12474392 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1920\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 Sampling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16474281 bi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16474281  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 Distortion that occurs when a sample is not representative of the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 population from which it was drawn. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid12474392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 Sampling error}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16474281  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 
The fluctuation in the value of a statistic from different samples drawn
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16663684 from the same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\sub\insrsid16474281\charrsid16663684 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\sub\insrsid16663684  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16663684 population}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
ampling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021  f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 ame}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16474281  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 
A list of the entire population eligible to be included within the specific
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 
parameters of a research study. A researcher must have a sampling
\par frame in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16663684 order to generate a random sample.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 Significance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021  level}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16474281  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 Establish ;d at the outset by a researcher when using statistical
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 
analysis to test a hypothesis (e.g. 0.05 level or 0.01 significance
\par level). A significance level of 0.05 indicates the probability that an
\par observed difference or relationship would be found by chance only 5
\par times out of every 1000 (1 out of every 100 for a significance level of
\par 0.01). It indicates the risk of the researcher making a Type I error (.e.
\par an error that occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis
\par when it is true and concludes that a statistically significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281  relationship/difference exists when it does not).
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 Standard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021  deviation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 \tab A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 descriptive statistic used to measure the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid16663684 degree of variabilit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021  within}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281  a set of scores
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid16474281 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16474281 Statistic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11370229 \tab A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 n estimate o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 a Parameter calculated from a, set of data gathered from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 a sample.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 
\par Statistical analysis\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Most statistical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 is based upon the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  princ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 iple}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  of gathering da}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid16663684 ta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 from sam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 e of individuals and using those data to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 inferences about the wider po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 pulation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  from w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 hich }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229  s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ampl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  was drawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Statistical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A procedure using the laws of probabili}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565 ty to infer the attributes of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 interference \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 population based on information gathered from a sample.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Statistical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A term used to indicate whether the results of an anal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\super\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 sis of data
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 significance \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 drawn from a sample are unlikely to have been cause by chance at a.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid16663684 specified level of probability (usually 0.05 or 0.01}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16663684 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid16663684 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Statistical test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A statistical procedure that allows a researcher to determine the

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
probability that the results obtained from a sample reflect true
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid16663684 parameters of the underlying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565 population.\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Subjects  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A term most often used in positivist research to describe those who
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid16663684 participate in research and provide the data
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11370229 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Survey research}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
A research approach designed to collect systematically descriptions of
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
existing phenomena in order to describe or explain what is going on,
\par data are obtained through direct questioning of a sample of
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 spon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 dents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Test-retest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A means of assessing the stability of a research instrument by
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 reliability\tab          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 calculating the correlation between scores obtained on repeated
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid16663684 administrations.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Theme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 A recurring issue that emerges during the analysis of qualitative data.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Theoretical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 The conceptual underpinning of a research study which ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021  b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021  based
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 framework\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 on theory or a specific conceptual model (in which case it may be
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 referred to as the conceptual framework).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Theoretical notes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
Notes about the observer's interpretation of observed activities found
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 in field }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid1139421 notes.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par Theory\tab In its most general sense a theory describes or explains something}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid1139421 Often it is the answer to 'what', 'where', 'how\rquote  or 'why' questions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1431\tx4536\tx5607\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 Tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 gul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 at}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid4664565  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2705637 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 is the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
 term used in a research context to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637  describe t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 he use of a variety
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 
of data sources or methods to examine a specific phenomenon either
\par simultaneously or sequentially in order to produce a more accurate
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx909\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid4664565 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021 accoun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid11688021  of the phenomenon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565\charrsid1139421 under investigation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid11370229 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 Trustworthiness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid2705637  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 a term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 u}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 sed to describe whether naturalistic research has been
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 conducted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid1139421 such a w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 
 that it gives the reader confidence in the
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 findings. It can be assess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 ed using the following criteria}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4664565 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 Credibility
\par with its connotations of 'truth', credibility can be compared with internal
\par validity in positivist research. A study's credibility is said to be
\par confirmed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 the reader recognises the situation described }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 a
\par research study as closely related to their own experience (sometime
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx6318\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid2705637 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\ul\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 ferre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2705637 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 s conf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2705637 rmability'.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637\charrsid11688021 Dependability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 
\par The dependability of a study is evaluated if it meets the associated criterion of auditability. Auditability is achieved when a researcher provides a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 sufficiently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637  clear account of the research process to allow others to follow the researcher\rquote s thinking and conclusions about the data and thus assess whether the findings are dependable.
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2705637 Transferability \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid4875871 Equivalent to external validity in positivist research (it may also be referred to as applicability). A study is said to be transferable if the findings \lquote fit\rquote  contexts beyond the immediate study situation in order to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 transfer the findings elsewhere, readers need sufficient information to he able to assess the extent to which a specific research setting is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5197573  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 similar to other settings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin0\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Type l error\tab 
An error that Occurs when a researcher re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
ects the null hypothesis when if is true and concludes that a statistically significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573  re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
lationship/difference exists when it does not. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin0\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri216\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin216\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Type II error\tab 
An error that occurs when a researcher accepts the null hypothesis
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri2142\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin2142\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
when it is false and concludes that no significant relationship/difference exists when it does.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1959\ri2142\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin2142\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1985\li1985\ri336\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx8364\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin336\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 Validity \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
In research terms, validity refers to the accuracy and truth of the data and findings that are produced. It refers to the concepts that are being investigated; the people or objects that are being studied; the methods by which data are collected; and the 
findings that are produced. There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid1139421 are several different types of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid1139421 validity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid1139421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Face validity
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri504\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin504\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
the extent to which a measuring instrument appears to others to be measuring what it claims to measure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri504\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin504\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Content validity
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri144\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 is similar to face validity except that the 
researcher deliberately targets individuals acknowledged to be experts in the topic area to give their opinions on the validity of the measure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri144\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin144\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Criterion-related validity
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri288\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin288\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
requires the researcher to identify a relevant criterion or 'gold standard', which is itself reliable and valid, to provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\super\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  an independent check of the new measure (i.e. to compare the results from a well-established and a new measuring instrument).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri288\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin288\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1959\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 Construct validity
\par refers to the degree to which a research instrument measures a
\par theoretical concept (or construct) under investigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-35\li2020\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2020\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 nternal validity
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1959\ri244\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin244\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
refers to the extent to which chancier in the dependent variable (the observed effects) can be attributed to the independent variable rather
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1959\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1959\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 than to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid1139421 extraneous variables}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li144\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin144\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi576\li1383\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1383\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 External validity
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
refers to the degree to which the results of a study are generalisable
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri72\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin72\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
beyond the immediate study sample and setting to other samples and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 settings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1559\li1985\ri360\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 Variable \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 An a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 tri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ute or characteristics of a person or an object that take}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
 on different value}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 s (i.e. that varies) within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 population under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid1139421 investigation (e.g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421\charrsid1139421 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  age, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid5197573 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 ight, pulse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid1139421 rate).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\ul\insrsid5197573 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 Variance\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 measure of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 spersion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  or variability,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid1139421 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 spread}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 ),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021  calculated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5197573 by squaring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1985\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1985\itap0\pararsid5197573 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 the value of the standard deviation.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688021 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid6574930\charrsid11688021 
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a
9cb2400825e982c78ec7a27cc0c8992416c9d8b2a755fbf74cd25442a820166c2cd933f79e3be372bd1f07b5c3989ca74aaff2422b24eb1b475da5df374fd9ad
5689811a183c61a50f98f4babebc2837878049899a52a57be670674cb23d8e90721f90a4d2fa3802cb35762680fd800ecd7551dc18eb899138e3c943d7e503b6
b01d583deee5f99824e290b4ba3f364eac4a430883b3c092d4eca8f946c916422ecab927f52ea42b89a1cd59c254f919b0e85e6535d135a8de20f20b8c12c3b0
0c895fcf6720192de6bf3b9e89ecdbd6596cbcdd8eb28e7c365ecc4ec1ff1460f53fe813d3cc7f5b7f020000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6
a7e7c0000000360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4f
c7060abb0884a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b6309512
0f88d94fbc52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462
a1a82fe353bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f746865
6d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b
4b0d592c9c070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b
4757e8d3f729e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f
7468656d65312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87
615b8116d8a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad
79482a9c0498f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b
5d8a314d3c94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab
999fb7b4717509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9
699640f6719e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd586
8b37a088d1e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d6
0cf03ac1a5193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f
9e7ef3f2d117d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be
15c308d3f28acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a9979
3849c26ae66252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d
32a423279a668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2a
f074481847bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86
e877f0034e16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb
44f95d843b5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a
6409fb44d08741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c
3d9058edf2c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db0256
5e85f3b9660d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276
b9f7dec44b7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8
c33585b5fb9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e
51440ca2e0088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95
b21be5ceaf8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff
6dce591a26ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec6
9ffb9e65d028d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239
b75a5bb1e6345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a449
59d366ad93b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e8
2db8df9f30254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468
656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4
350d363f2451eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d2624
52282e3198720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe5141
73d9850528a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000000000000000
0000000000000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b00000000000000
000000000000300100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000000000000000000000000019
0200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b00001600000000
000000000000000000d60200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b01000027
00000000000000000000000000a00900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d0100009b0a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax371\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef0\lsdunhideuseddef0\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef99{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority0 \lsdlocked0 Normal;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 1;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 2;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 3;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 4;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 7;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority9 \lsdlocked0 heading 9;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 1;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 2;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 3;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 4;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 7;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 toc 9;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority35 \lsdlocked0 caption;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 List Number;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 List 4;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 List 5;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority10 \lsdlocked0 Title;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdlocked0 Default Paragraph Font;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority11 \lsdlocked0 Subtitle;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 Salutation;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 Date;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdlocked0 Body Text First Indent;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority22 \lsdlocked0 Strong;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority20 \lsdlocked0 Emphasis;\lsdpriority59 \lsdlocked0 Table Grid;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;
\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;
\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdlocked0 Revision;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;
\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;
\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;\lsdpriority41 \lsdlocked0 Plain Table 1;\lsdpriority42 \lsdlocked0 Plain Table 2;\lsdpriority43 \lsdlocked0 Plain Table 3;\lsdpriority44 \lsdlocked0 Plain Table 4;
\lsdpriority45 \lsdlocked0 Plain Table 5;\lsdpriority40 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table Light;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4;
\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 1;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 1;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1;
\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 2;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2;
\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 3;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4;
\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 4;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4;
\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 5;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 5;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5;
\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 3 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 4 Accent 6;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6;
\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark;
\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 1;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 1;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 1;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1;
\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 2;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 2;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 2;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 3;
\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 3;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 3;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 3;
\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 4;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 4;
\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 4;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 4;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4;
\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4;\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 5;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 5;\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 5;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5;
\lsdpriority46 \lsdlocked0 List Table 1 Light Accent 6;\lsdpriority47 \lsdlocked0 List Table 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority48 \lsdlocked0 List Table 3 Accent 6;\lsdpriority49 \lsdlocked0 List Table 4 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority50 \lsdlocked0 List Table 5 Dark Accent 6;\lsdpriority51 \lsdlocked0 List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6;\lsdpriority52 \lsdlocked0 List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6;}}{\*\datastore 010500000200000018000000
4d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e362e3000000000000000000000060000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff090006000000000000000000000001000000010000000000000000100000feffffff00000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdfffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffffffffffff0c6ad98892f1d411a65f0040963251e5000000000000000000000000f01a
ca79ff14d201feffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}