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		<title>UK intellectual property policies</title>
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							<p>Managing the intellectual property arising from your research can be complex. The laws governing intellectual property are implemented differently in different countries, so you should always ensure you are familiar with:</p>

							<ul>
								<li>Your institutional policies</li>
								<li>Your national policies</li>
								<li>The policies of other countries in which you conduct research.</li>
							</ul>

							<h3>UK policies and guidance</h3>

							<interactive-text><p>The following activity sets out key information on the protection and management of intellectual property arising from research in the UK.</p></interactive-text>
							<accessible-text><p>The following section sets out the key information on the protection and management of intellectual property arising from research in the UK.</p></accessible-text>

							<instructional-text><p>Click on each question to access a discussion of the situation in the UK. For links to the documents referenced in this activity, see the "Useful links" pod.</p></instructional-text>

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							<accessible-text><p>Continue on for an overview of the situation in the UK. For links to the documents referenced in this activity, see the "Useful links" pod.</p></accessible-text>

							<!-- ACTIVITY START -->
							<accordion show-in-accessible-version="false">
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>National policies.</strong> Is intellectual property covered by government legislation in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>Yes. The relevant pieces of legislation are the Patents Act 1977 and the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA).</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Copyright information.</strong> Where can a researcher find more information about copyright requirements in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>The best source is the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO). It is also worth contacting your research office or university library if you have questions about copyright relating to your research outputs.</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Copyright requirements.</strong> What are the basic requirements for copyrighting an intellectual product?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>Copyright protects original, creative works and arises automatically once the work is physically expressed. There is no need to register your copyright in the UK.</p>
										<p>According to the UKIPO, you own intellectual property if you:</p>
										<ul>
											<li>Created it and it meets the requirements for copyright (i.e. it is original, creative and physically recorded)</li>
											<li>Bought intellectual property rights from the creator or a previous owner</li>
											<li>Have a brand that could be a trademark; for example, a well-known product name (UK Government, n.d.).</li>
										</ul>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Copyright limitations.</strong> What are the limitations on copyright in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>In the UK, copyright protection generally lasts up to 70 years after an author's death. For broadcasts, protections last for 50 years; for layouts of published editions, they last 25 years.</p>
										<p>Guidance from the UKIPO also states: "Copyright law does allow for quotations to be used more widely, as long as the use is fair and there is a sufficient acknowledgement.  It is ultimately for the courts to determine whether use of a quotation is 'fair dealing', which will depend on the facts of any specific case. However, the use of a title and short extract from a book in an academic article discussing the book is likely to be permitted, whereas the copying of a long extract from a book, without it being justified by the context, is unlikely to be permitted" (UKIPO, 2014). </p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Patent information.</strong> Where can a researcher find out more information about patent requirements in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>In the UK, the UKIPO is the official source of information and guidance about patents (although, again, it is normally best to approach your university's intellectual property office/officer in the first instance).</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Patent requirements.</strong> What are the basic requirements for applying for a patent in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>To qualify as a patent in the UK, an invention must: </p>
										<ul>
											<li>Be novel</li>
											<li>Involve an inventive step (i.e. the idea must not be the obvious next step)</li>
											<li>Have an industrial application. </li>
										</ul>
										<p>When reviewing an application, the UKIPO will run checks. These are used to guarantee that:</p>
										<ul>
											<li>No one else has already filed a patent application for an invention that does the same thing in the same way </li>
											<li>No one else has published details of an invention that does the same thing in the same way. </li>
										</ul>
										<p>Because of this, it is important not to share work too broadly if it might be patentable.</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Patent application.</strong> How is the date of application for a patent set in the UK?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>An application is assigned a filing date when it is first submitted. In many circumstances, this is also the priority date which is used to determine, if the patent is challenged, who invented the item/product/idea first.</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Patent limitations.</strong> How long do patents last in the UK and what other limitations are there?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>So long as the patent is granted and renewal fees are paid, it will be valid for 20 years from the date of the application, but only in the UK. If you want to patent your invention in other countries, you will need to file additional patents in those countries (although some countries have agreements to honour each other's patents). </p>
										<p>You must also be aware that academic institutions or companies often create material transfer agreements when exchanging materials or ideas related to a project. These agreements often stipulate how patented material can (or cannot) be used, and the arrangements for patenting any subsequently created inventions or materials.</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Government-funded research.</strong> Can the products from government-funded research be patented and, if so, who can patent these kinds of materials?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>Under normal circumstances, the organisation undertaking the work will own any intellectual property resulting from research funded by the UK Government. That organisation is then responsible for determining whether to file patents, going through the application process and paying the fees.</p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
								<acc-item>
									<acc-title><strong>Encouragement to patent research.</strong> Does the UK have legislation or rules that encourage researchers to patent their research ideas?</acc-title>
									<acc-contents>
										<p>This is usually managed at a local level &ndash; for example, individual employers may have schemes in place to encourage patent filings (such as rewards or incentives). Most universities have a revenue-sharing policy that rewards inventors should royalties be paid for the use of patented technology. </p>
									</acc-contents>
								</acc-item>
							</accordion>
							<!-- ACTIVITY END -->
							<!-- ACCESSIBLE START -->
							<accessible-block>
								<h4>National policies. Is intellectual property covered by government legislation in the UK?</h4>
								<p>Yes. The relevant pieces of legislation are the Patents Act 1977 and the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA).</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Copyright information. Where can a researcher find more information about copyright requirements in the UK?</h4>
								<p>The best source is the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO). It is also worth contacting your research office or university library if you have questions about copyright relating to your research outputs.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Copyright requirements. What are the basic requirements for copyrighting an intellectual product?</h4>
								<p>Copyright protects original, creative works and arises automatically once the work is physically expressed. There is no need to register your copyright in the UK.</p>
								<p>According to the UKIPO, you own intellectual property if you:</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Created it and it meets the requirements for copyright (i.e. it is original, creative and physically recorded)</li>
									<li>Bought intellectual property rights from the creator or a previous owner</li>
									<li>Have a brand that could be a trademark; for example, a well-known product name (UK Government, n.d.).</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Copyright limitations. What are the limitations on copyright in the UK?</h4>
								<p>In the UK, copyright protection generally lasts up to 70 years after an author's death. For broadcasts, protections last for 50 years; for layouts of published editions, they last 25 years.</p>
								<p>Guidance from the UKIPO also states: "Copyright law does allow for quotations to be used more widely, as long as the use is fair and there is a sufficient acknowledgement. It is ultimately for the courts to determine whether use of a quotation is 'fair dealing', which will depend on the facts of any specific case. However, the use of a title and short extract from a book in an academic article discussing the book is likely to be permitted, whereas the copying of a long extract from a book, without it being justified by the context, is unlikely to be permitted" (UKIPO, 2014).</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Patent information. Where can a researcher find out more information about patent requirements in the UK?</h4>
								<p>In the UK, the UKIPO is the official source of information and guidance about patents (although, again, it is normally best to approach your university's intellectual property office/officer in the first instance).</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Patent requirements. What are the basic requirements for applying for a patent in the UK?</h4>
								<p>To qualify as a patent in the UK, an invention must:</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Be novel</li>
									<li>Involve an inventive step (i.e. the idea must not be the obvious next step)</li>
									<li>Have an industrial application.</li>
								</ul>
								<p>When reviewing an application, the UKIPO will run checks. These are used to guarantee that:</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No one else has already filed a patent application for an invention that does the same thing in the same way</li>
									<li>No one else has published details of an invention that does the same thing in the same way.</li>
								</ul>
								<p>Because of this, it is important not to share work too broadly if it might be patentable.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Patent application. How is the date of application for a patent set in the UK?</h4>
								<p>An application is assigned a filing date when it is first submitted. In many circumstances, this is also the priority date which is used to determine, if the patent is challenged, who invented the item/product/idea first.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Patent limitations. How long do patents last in the UK and what other limitations are there?</h4>
								<p>So long as the patent is granted and renewal fees are paid, it will be valid for 20 years from the date of the application, but only in the UK. If you want to patent your invention in other countries, you will need to file additional patents in those countries (although some countries have agreements to honour each other's patents).</p>
								<p>You must also be aware that academic institutions or companies often create material transfer agreements when exchanging materials or ideas related to a project. These agreements often stipulate how patented material can (or cannot) be used, and the arrangements for patenting any subsequently created inventions or materials.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Government-funded research. Can the products from government-funded research be patented and, if so, who can patent these kinds of materials?</h4>
								<p>Under normal circumstances, the organisation undertaking the work will own any intellectual property resulting from research funded by the UK Government. That organisation is then responsible for determining whether to file patents, going through the application process and paying the fees.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Encouragement to patent research. Does the UK have legislation or rules that encourage researchers to patent their research ideas?</h4>
								<p>This is usually managed at a local level – for example, individual employers may have schemes in place to encourage patent filings (such as rewards or incentives). Most universities have a revenue-sharing policy that rewards inventors should royalties be paid for the use of patented technology.</p>
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							<!-- USEFUL LINKS START -->
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								<pod-heading>Useful links</pod-heading> <!-- pod title -->
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								<pod-modal-heading>Useful links</pod-modal-heading>
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									<hosted-link id="RI_INT_inp_1_60">
										<p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/intellectual-property-office" target="_blank">UK Intellectual Property Office</a></p>
										<p><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents" target="_blank">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a></p>
										<p><a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/37/contents" target="_blank">Patents Act 1977</a></p>
										<p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/intellectual-property-an-overview" target="_blank">Intellectual Property and Your Work</a></p>
										<p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/topic/intellectual-property/patents" target="_blank">UKIPO &ndash; Patents </a></p>
									</hosted-link>
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