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							<instructional-text class="reduce-margin"><p>Watch the animation below for an overview of what is expected from researchers.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>Continue on for an animation providing an overview of what is expected from researchers.</p></instructional-text-accessible>
						
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							<p>Anyone dedicated to enhancing understanding and advancing knowledge should also be committed to acting responsibly. But there is more involved with responsibility in research than good intentions or adherence to a few basic principles.</p>
							
							<h3>What is 'good research conduct'?</h3>
							
							<p>The phrase '<glossary content="Conducting research in a way that lives up to the duties and obligations researchers are expected to embrace. <br><br> You might also hear the phrase 'responsible conduct of research' (often abbreviated as RCR), although this is most commonly used in the United States.">good research conduct</glossary>' encompasses the <em>duties and obligations</em> that researchers are expected to fulfil when conducting research. Researchers who commit to upholding the standards of good research conduct can be said to be acting with integrity.</p>
							<p>Acting with integrity is sometimes equated with acting ethically. However, the term 'research ethics' usually relates to the work of <glossary content="Bodies that review research proposals to assess whether the research complies with local and internationally accepted ethical guidelines, helping to ensure that researchers and participants are protected from harm. Most UK universities have institutional RECs, and there are also more than 80 NHS research ethics committees.">research ethics committees</glossary> (RECs), which review research proposals in light of ethical guidelines intended to help ensure that researchers and participants are protected from harm. Research integrity covers a much broader range of activities than those typically reviewed by RECs.</p>
							<p>The word 'ethics' can also sometimes have a broader philosophical meaning, referring to how <em>moral decisions about right and wrong behaviour</em> are made. We distinguish between integrity and ethics as follows:</p>
							
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										<th>Integrity</th>
										<th>Ethics</th>
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										<td>Decisions about behaviour that can be made by referring to established best practices, regulations and other professional guidance.</td>
										<td>Decisions about behaviour that cannot be made by referring to established best practices and demand further philosophical and moral inquiry (often involving hearing different opinions).</td>
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							<instructional-text><p>For some practical examples illustrating this distinction, review the dilemmas below and then drag them into the "Integrity" or "Ethics" column to check that you understand the difference.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>Continue on to review some dilemmas. Your task will be to determine whether the dilemma is more connected to "Integrity" or "Ethics".</p></instructional-text-accessible>
							
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										<category-heading><p>Integrity</p></category-heading>
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												<p>My research findings do not support my hypothesis. Should I fabricate findings that support my hypothesis?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Data fabrication</p></classify-item-short>
											</classify-item>
											<classify-item>
												<p>I have to start immediately to get my project done on time. However, my safety equipment has not arrived. Can I go ahead without the equipment as long as I warn everyone involved of the risks?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Risky research</p></classify-item-short>
											</classify-item>
											<classify-item>
												<p>To increase its impact factor, the journal that has accepted my article wants me to add several references to my bibliography that I did not use. They have nothing to do with my publication. Should I add them?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Padding out a bibliography</p></classify-item-short>
											</classify-item>
											<classify-item>
												<p>A few pieces of the evidence I collected during my field/archival research contradict my main findings. Can I ignore the contradictory evidence when I report my findings?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Contradictory evidence</p></classify-item-short>
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										<category-heading><p>Ethics</p></category-heading>
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											<classify-item>
												<p>I have not been able to recruit enough human participants for my experiment because it is seen as too risky. I have access to some department funds; should I pay people to take part in my research?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Compensating human participants</p></classify-item-short>
											</classify-item>
											<classify-item>
												<p>Other students in my year are avoiding working with two well-known principal investigators (PIs) because they receive funding from the military to conduct research that could be used to develop weapons. Should I follow their lead and not work with these PIs?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Weapons research</p></classify-item-short>
											</classify-item>
											<classify-item>
												<p>Some people oppose research that: a) uses animals, b) studies links between IQ and race, c) explores ways to create deadly viruses, d) uses human embryos, e) encourages the use of fossil fuels, f) puts people out of work, etc. Should I avoid doing controversial research?</p>
												<classify-item-short><p>Controversial research</p></classify-item-short>
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							<p>While the philosophical and moral questions that arise in research are important and interesting to consider, rigorous investigation of these dilemmas requires a set of skills that we do not introduce in this course.</p>
							
							<h3>Summary</h3>
							
							<p>This course seeks to explain the steps that you are expected to take to conduct your research with integrity. By appreciating the definitions of terms such as ethics and integrity, and the distinctions between them, you are now in a good position to explore your professional, public and institutional responsibilities as a researcher.</p>
							
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