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 * Project   : Research Integrity (RI_INT)
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 * Release   : Thu Apr 13 2023 09:54:27 GMT+0100 (British Summer Time)
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							<p>There are hundreds of ways in which the information, processes, technologies and materials used in research could be linked to a country's national security, commercial or economic interests, making them subject to some form of export control.</p>
							<p>As a researcher, you have a responsibility to know when your research could be subject to export control regulations, though many research institutions provide training and dedicated support to advise you. If you work in an area where restrictions are common, your institution might bring your responsibilities to your attention, but you should not rely on this. "I wasn't aware of the need" is not a valid excuse and will not protect against penalties for breach of export controls (see the “Additional Information” pod). </p>

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									<p>In the UK, breaching export controls is a criminal offence carrying a penalty of up to 10 years imprisonment. Although it is rare to see the maximum penalty imposed, the government body responsible for compliance is increasing inspections.</p>
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							<h3>Goods and sensitive information</h3>
							
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							<p>Goods and sensitive information that are directly related to national security and other national interests are potentially subject to export controls.</p>

							<instructional-text><p>For examples of goods and sensitive information that may be subject to export controls, click on each of the flashcards below.</p></instructional-text>
							<accessible-text><p>Continue on for examples of goods and sensitive information that may be subject to export controls.</p></accessible-text>
						
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									<flashcard-front variant="heading">Defence</flashcard-front>
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											<li>Military equipment and munitions</li>
											<li>Defence equipment, including satellites</li>
											<li>Technical data, including some border and port information</li>
											<li>Dual-use research (see the "Additional information" pod for a definition).</li>
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									<flashcard-front variant="heading">Materials and technology</flashcard-front>
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											<li>Nuclear materials, facilities and equipment</li>
											<li>Chemicals, microorganisms and toxins</li>
											<li>Electronics design, development and production</li>
											<li>Computers</li>
											<li>Telecommunications</li>
											<li>Sensors and lasers</li>
											<li>Navigation and avionics</li>
											<li>Marine technology</li>
											<li>Composite materials</li>
											<li>Aerospace and propulsion.</li>
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									<flashcard-front variant="heading">Sensitive information</flashcard-front>
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											<li>Cryptology</li>
											<li>Counterterrorism</li>
											<li>Counternarcotics</li>
											<li>Cyber-related</li>
											<li>Non-proliferation</li>
											<li>Transnational criminal organisations.</li>
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									<flashcard-front variant="heading">Genetic resources</flashcard-front>
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											<li>Genetic material of actual or potential value</li>
											<li>Organisms, or parts thereof</li>
											<li>Populations (of organisms)</li>
											<li>Other biotic components of ecosystems</li>
											<li>Domesticated or cultivated species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans.</li>
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									<p><strong>Dual-use research:</strong> Research that can be used/applied in both beneficial and harmful ways. The UK Government defines it as: "Dual-use items (including software and technology), are those items which can be used for both civil and military purposes." (UK Government, 2019)</p>
									<p>The following are examples of this kind of research:</p>
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										<li>Encryption research can enhance communication safety <strong>and</strong> be used by terrorists to avoid detection</li>
										<li>Research on virus genomes can help to develop protections against biological warfare <strong>and</strong> lead to the development of new agents to be used in biological warfare</li>
										<li>Social research on race and gender can benefit policy making <strong>and</strong> be used to foster discrimination.</li>
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							<p>The applicable items and information in each category are usually set out in some detail in government regulations and guidance documents, down to specific chemicals, pieces of equipment and types of information. However, one exception is non-human 'genetic resources', which are regulated by an international treaty called the Nagoya Protocol (see "Additional information" pod). When accessing non-human genetic materials from another country, you should check the applicability of the Nagoya Protocol. If you have any reason to believe that you could be working with restricted goods or information, you should check the specific requirements you need to consider with your research office.</p>
							
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										<p>The <a href="https://www.cbd.int/abs/" target="_blank">Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity</a> is an international agreement drawn up by the Convention on Biological Diversity with the aim of ensuring that benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources are shared in a fair and equitable way. The main intention was to protect lower income countries from exploitation. It requires entering into an agreement with the source country and may require registration on a database. It entered into force on 12 October 2014.</p>
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							<h3>Sensitive activities</h3>
							
							<p>When considering whether your research could be subject to export controls, it is important to consider all the activities you engage in as a researcher. When working with protected goods, genetic material or sensitive information, you could easily find yourself in trouble for what are seemingly normal parts of your research.</p>
							
							<instructional-text><p>For explanations of the considerations you will need to bear in mind when conducting certain research activities, click through the images below.</p></instructional-text>
							<accessible-text><p>Continue on for explanations of the considerations you will need to bear in mind when conducting certain research activities.</p></accessible-text>
							
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								<opinion name="Travelling overseas to conduct research" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img1.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>Taking either research equipment or sensitive information overseas could be subject to export controls. This includes business plans or technologies that potentially pose a risk to national security.</p></opinion>
								<opinion name="Travelling overseas with computers and other electronic devices" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img2.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>When you take your computer or other electronic devices with you on a trip overseas, you need to make sure you are aware of any software or information carried on these devices that are subject to controls or might pose a risk to national security. Also be aware that sending emails abroad is 'exporting' information.</p></opinion>
								<opinion name="Hosting foreign visitors" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img3.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>If you host visitors from countries that pose security risks (see the 'UK Sanctions' linked to in the "Useful links" pod), you must make sure you do not share information with them that is judged to pose a risk to national security.</p></opinion>
								<opinion name="Working as an overseas consultant" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img5.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>You will be subject to export control regulations if you provide expertise as an overseas consultant to countries or individuals that are judged to pose a risk to national security.</p></opinion>
								<opinion name="Employing foreign nationals as part of your research team" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img6.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>Students/colleagues returning home will often 'export' what they learned; sometimes, they may export materials/equipment. In view of this, they may have to be excluded from some research projects or denied associated information. Often a certificate of approval will have to be obtained from the Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS).</p></opinion>
								<opinion name="Shipping biological materials" img-src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/exc_1_20_img7.png" img-alt="Alt"><p>International or national regulations and research agreements place restrictions on exporting and importing biological materials. Before you send or receive any biological materials, make sure you are in compliance with all related regulations (e.g. the Nagoya Protocol).</p></opinion>
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										<p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-sanctions" target="_blank">UK Sanctions</a></p>
										<p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/academic-technology-approval-scheme" target="_blank">Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS)</a></p>
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							<p>The list of possible activities that could be subject to export control regulation is not exhaustive. It is designed to provide an understanding of the ways in which restrictions on exports can apply to a wide variety of research activities. The obvious common element in all these activities is the possible link to a national interest. To know whether your research has possible links, you need to check with your research office.</p>
							
							<h3>Summary</h3>
							
							<p>The reach of export control regulations is broader than many imagine. Looked at from the perspective of someone trying to undermine the security of your country, an advantage could potentially be gained from:</p>
							
							<ul>
								<li>Getting access to vital technologies and software</li>
								<li>Getting access to protected information</li>
								<li>Getting access to novel genetic resources or species</li>
								<li>Relying upon and using national research expertise.</li>
							</ul>
							
							<p>You have a responsibility to recognise any and all risks your research might pose for the UK's interests, and take appropriate action to minimise the possibility of your novel ideas or technologies getting into the wrong hands.</p>
							
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