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		<title>Preparing to publish</title>
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				current-module = "Scholarly Publication"
				page-title = "Preparing to publish"
				screen-time = "6"
				screen-time-period = "mins">

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							<p>Research publications should be carefully planned and timed. Choosing the wrong journal or book can result in endless delays and rejections, or result in your work being buried in a publication your colleagues do not normally read. To avoid these kinds of problems you should start by asking yourself two basic questions:</p>
							
							<ol>
								<li>Why publish?</li>
								<li>Are you ready to publish?</li>
							</ol>
							
							<h3>Why publish?</h3>
							
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							<p>Researchers have different reasons for publishing. Their reasons influence the effort they put into publications, the journals they choose and much more.</p>

							<instructional-text><p>Choose your discipline area from the menu below to watch interviews where researchers discuss their views on and experiences of publication.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>Some of the reasons why researchers choose to publish are explored in the following interviews.</p></instructional-text-accessible>

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									<action-link goto-panel="1"><h3>Arts & Humanities</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="2"><h3>Biomedical Science</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="3"><h3>Engineering</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="4"><h3>Natural Science</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="5"><h3>Social Science </h3></action-link>
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									<accessible-text><h4>Arts & Humanities</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371784.hd.mp4?s=80da5d68a9ed4875d9c90fe348a4b9ddf3d2f44b&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Biomedical Science</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371793.hd.mp4?s=b3d11d30230de6d690f1632571c3fa60240f67c2&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Engineering</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371799.hd.mp4?s=06a338b3bb1b65d93f60a365a48be1ea8a107230&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Natural Science</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371806.hd.mp4?s=7edebfafc19cef76bf08faf750a17a293fe2ef49&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Social Science</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371812.hd.mp4?s=04be13e9295deccc46cded1631570322b4e3635c&profile_id=175"
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								<h3>Arts & Humanities</h3>
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								<hr>
								<h3>Biomedical Science</h3>
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										video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371793.hd.mp4?s=b3d11d30230de6d690f1632571c3fa60240f67c2&profile_id=175"
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								<h3>Engineering</h3>
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								<h3>Natural Science</h3>
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								<h3>Social Science</h3>
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										video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371812.hd.mp4?s=04be13e9295deccc46cded1631570322b4e3635c&profile_id=175"
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							<p>Whatever your situation, it is important that you think carefully about your reasons for publishing. Ask yourself the following questions:</p>
							
							<ul>
								<li>What do you want to accomplish by publishing?</li>
								<li>What audience are you trying to reach?</li>
								<li>Who will likely review your publication?</li>
								<li>Are you ready to publish?</li>
							</ul>
							
							<p>The last question is particularly important because publication pressures can encourage researchers to publish before they should.</p>
							
							<h3>Am I ready to publish?</h3>
							
							<p>When thinking about this question, it is useful to consider the range of questions that you might have when considering if it is the right time to publish.</p>
							
							<instructional-text><p>Consider the situations of the three researchers below, who are in different positions in relation to their research. Enter your responses to the questions posed after each opinion, and then click for our advice in relation to each position.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>Consider the situations of the following three researchers, who are in different positions in relation to their research. Consider your responses to the questions posed after each opinion, and then continue on for our advice in relation to each position.</p></instructional-text-accessible>
							
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											<img src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/spu_1_20_img1.png" alt="" class="img-responsive" />
											<p><em>"I am still not sure what I can honestly conclude."</em></p>
											<p><strong>What should Fariah do and what questions does she need to consider at this stage?</strong></p>
										</note-question>
										<note-input></note-input>
										<note-feedback><p>If you are not sure what you have discovered, you are not ready to publish. Your research should be completed before you draft a publication. However, before making this decision, you should keep in mind that there is a difference between <em>uncertain findings</em> and <em>negative findings</em>. <em>'Negative findings'</em> describes a conclusion that did not support the anticipated outcome (e.g. a link between a perceived environmental hazard and an anticipated health impact). An outcome of <em>'negative findings'</em> is still publishable. (For definitions of the italicised terms, please see the "Additional information" pod.)</p></note-feedback>
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									<note-making>
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											<img src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/spu_1_20_img2.png" alt="" class="img-responsive" />
											<p><em>"I am fairly certain I'm ready to publish, but I probably should have collected some additional information."</em></p>
											<p><strong>Do you think Shaun is ready to publish his findings?</strong></p>
										</note-question>
										<note-input></note-input>
										<note-feedback><p>If you find yourself in this position, you have what are usually called <em>'preliminary findings'</em>. Preliminary findings are useful for some types of communication, such as grant applications or oral presentations, but not for most scholarly publications.</p></note-feedback>
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											<img src="../images/activity_images/course_specific/spu_1_20_img3.png" alt="" class="img-responsive" />
											<p><em>"This stage of my research is complete, and I am confident I can draw defensible conclusions."</em></p>
											<p><strong>Is Rosa in a good position to publish her work?</strong></p>
										</note-question>
										<note-input></note-input>
										<note-feedback><p>If you can say this, your research is complete and you are ready to publish. You can publish even if you did not discover anything (negative findings).</p></note-feedback>
									</note-making>
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								<h4>Researcher 1: Fariah</h4>
								<p><em>"I am still not sure what I can honestly conclude."</em></p>
								<p><strong>What should Fariah do and what questions does she need to consider at this stage? Please take a moment to consider your response before moving on to our feedback.</strong></p>
								<p><strong>Feedback:</strong> If you are not sure what you have discovered, you are not ready to publish. Your research should be completed before you draft a publication. However, before making this decision, you should keep in mind that there is a difference between <em>uncertain findings</em> and <em>negative findings</em>. <em>'Negative findings'</em> describes a conclusion that did not support the anticipated outcome (e.g. a link between a perceived environmental hazard and an anticipated health impact). An outcome of <em>'negative findings'</em> is still publishable. (For definitions of the italicised terms, please see the "Additional information" pod.)</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Researcher 2: Shaun </h4>
								<p><em>"I am fairly certain I'm ready to publish, but I probably should have collected some additional information."</em></p>
								<p><strong>Do you think Shaun is ready to publish his findings? Please take a moment to consider your response before moving on to our feedback.</strong></p>
								<p><strong>Feedback:</strong> If you find yourself in this position, you have what are usually called <em>'preliminary findings'</em>. Preliminary findings are useful for some types of communication, such as grant applications or oral presentations, but not for most scholarly publications.</p>
								<hr>
								<h4>Researcher 3: Rosa</h4>
								<p><em>"This stage of my research is complete, and I am confident I can draw defensible conclusions."</em></p>
								<p><strong>Is Rosa in a good position to publish her work? Please take a moment to consider your response before moving on to our feedback.</strong></p>
								<p><strong>Feedback:</strong> If you can say this, your research is complete and you are ready to publish. You can publish even if you did not discover anything (negative findings).</p>
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							<p>Before you put time into preparing and submitting a publication, make sure you have your research well in hand. This does not mean that everything has to be completed, but your work should be far enough along to allow you to choose the right journal and focus your preparation of materials and drafting on productive tasks.</p>
							
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							<!-- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION START -->
							<pod variant="b" has-modal="true">
								<pod-heading>Additional information</pod-heading> <!-- pod title -->
								<pod-content></pod-content>
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								<pod-modal-heading>Additional information</pod-modal-heading>
								<pod-modal-content>
									<p><strong>Uncertain findings:</strong> Insufficient data/findings to support any conclusions.</p>
									<p><strong>Preliminary findings:</strong> Sufficient data/findings based on a small sample to justify additional research to confirm tentative conclusions/findings.</p>
									<p><strong>Completed findings:</strong> Sufficient data/findings to support firm, significant conclusions.</p>
									<p><strong>Negative findings:</strong> Sufficient data/findings to support a conclusion of no effect or change, or not in support of a hypothesis.</p>
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							<h3>Your experience</h3>
							
							<p>Why would anyone try to hurry up the publication process? The usual reason given is '<glossary content="Used here to refer to institutional or personal expectations for rapid and frequent publication (as opposed to publishing purely for scholarly reasons).">pressure to publish</glossary>', which can originate from an employer/institution (since universities encourage their researchers to publish in order to boost their reputation) or arise from competition among researchers. The strength of this pressure can sometimes come as a shock for new researchers, especially when it becomes apparent that jobs or promotions can depend on your publication record. What is your experience?</p>

							<instructional-text><p>Select your discipline area and then consider the questions presented. Choose the responses that best reflect your experience; your answers will be recorded anonymously. You can click "View Results" to see how others from your discipline area have responded.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>Select your discipline area and then consider the questions presented. Choose the responses that best reflect your experience. Then take a moment to reflect on your answers.</p></instructional-text-accessible>
							
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									<action-link goto-panel="5"><h3>Natural Science</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="7"><h3>Social Science</h3></action-link>
									<action-link goto-panel="9"><h3>Biomedical Science</h3></action-link>
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										<h3>Arts & Humanities</h3>
										<p><strong>To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488831" noscript-text="To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?"></poll>
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										<h3>Arts & Humanities</h3>
										<p><strong>If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488832" noscript-text="If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?"></poll>
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										<h3>Engineering</h3>
										<p><strong>To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488833" noscript-text="To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?"></poll>
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										<h3>Engineering</h3>
										<p><strong>If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488834" noscript-text="If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?"></poll>
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									<action-link goto-panel="3"><p>Back</p></action-link>
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									<action-question>
										<h3>Natural Science</h3>
										<p><strong>To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488835" noscript-text="To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?"></poll>
										<!-- POLL END -->
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									<action-link goto-panel="6"><p>Next</p></action-link>
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								<action-panel panel="6">
									<action-question>
										<h3>Natural Science</h3>
										<p><strong>If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488836" noscript-text="If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?"></poll>
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									<action-link goto-panel="5"><p>Back</p></action-link>
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								<!-- Social Science -->
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									<action-question>
										<h3>Social Science</h3>
										<p><strong>To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488837" noscript-text="To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?"></poll>
										<!-- POLL END -->
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									<action-link goto-panel="8"><p>Next</p></action-link>
								</action-panel>
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								<action-panel panel="8">
									<action-question>
										<h3>Social Science</h3>
										<p><strong>If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488838" noscript-text="If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?"></poll>
										<!-- POLL END -->
									</action-question>
									<action-link goto-panel="7"><p>Back</p></action-link>
								</action-panel>
								
								<!-- Biomedical Science -->
								<action-panel panel="9">
									<action-question>
										<h3>Biomedical Science</h3>
										<p><strong>To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488839" noscript-text="To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?"></poll>
										<!-- POLL END -->
									</action-question>
									<action-link goto-panel="10"><p>Next</p></action-link>
								</action-panel>
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								<action-panel panel="10">
									<action-question>
										<h3>Biomedical Science</h3>
										<p><strong>If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</strong></p>
										<!-- POLL START -->
										<poll poll-id="10488840" noscript-text="If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?"></poll>
										<!-- POLL END -->
									</action-question>
									<action-link goto-panel="9"><p>Back</p></action-link>
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							<!-- ACCESSIBLE BLOCK START -->
							<accessible-block>
								<h4>Choose your discipline from the following list:</h4>
								<ul>
									<li><strong>Arts & Humanities</strong> [Proceed to Poll 1]</li>
									<li><strong>Engineering</strong> [Proceed to Poll 2]</li>
									<li><strong>Natural Science</strong> [Proceed to Poll 3]</li>
									<li><strong>Social Science</strong> [Proceed to Poll 4]</li>
									<li><strong>Biomedical Science</strong> [Proceed to Poll 5]</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Poll 1 &ndash; Arts & Humanities</h4>
								<p><strong>Question 1 of 2:</strong> To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No pressure</li>
									<li>Some pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Very strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Not applicable</li>
								</ul>
								<p><strong>Question 2 of 2:</strong> If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Encourages more responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>Has a mixed influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Has no influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Encourages less responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>No opinion</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Poll 2 &ndash; Engineering</h4>
								<p><strong>Question 1 of 2:</strong> To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No pressure</li>
									<li>Some pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Very strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Not applicable</li>
								</ul>
								<p><strong>Question 2 of 2:</strong> If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Encourages more responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>Has a mixed influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Has no influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Encourages less responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>No opinion</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Poll 3 &ndash; Natural Science</h4>
								<p><strong>Question 1 of 2:</strong> To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No pressure</li>
									<li>Some pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Very strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Not applicable</li>
								</ul>
								<p><strong>Question 2 of 2:</strong> If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Encourages more responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>Has a mixed influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Has no influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Encourages less responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>No opinion</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Poll 4 &ndash; Social Science</h4>
								<p><strong>Question 1 of 2:</strong> To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No pressure</li>
									<li>Some pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Very strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Not applicable</li>
								</ul>
								<p><strong>Question 2 of 2:</strong> If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Encourages more responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>Has a mixed influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Has no influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Encourages less responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>No opinion</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4>Poll 5 &ndash; Biomedical Science</h4>
								<p><strong>Question 1 of 2:</strong> To what extent do you feel pressure to publish?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>No pressure</li>
									<li>Some pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Very strong pressure to publish</li>
									<li>Not applicable</li>
								</ul>
								<p><strong>Question 2 of 2:</strong> If you do feel pressure to publish, how does it influence your commitment to the responsible conduct of research?</p>
								<ul>
									<li>Encourages more responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>Has a mixed influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Has no influence on my behaviour</li>
									<li>Encourages less responsible behaviour</li>
									<li>No opinion</li>
								</ul>
							</accessible-block>
							<!-- ACCESSIBLE BLOCK END -->
							<!-- ACTIVITY END -->
							
							<p>Whatever your situation, you should keep in mind that the pressure to publish is a part of research and is not new. However, pressure should also not be seen as an excuse for irresponsible behaviour under any circumstances. If you feel unreasonable pressure that could lead to irresponsible behaviour, get advice from your mentor, colleagues and friends on how best to handle your situation.</p>
							
							<h3>Summary</h3>
							
							<p>If you feel you are ready to publish a scholarly article based on well-developed findings and have a good understanding of why you want to publish, then the next step in the publication process is to consider <em>how</em> you are going to publish. Since this module is focused on scholarly publication, the main focus is on journals. Other forms of communication will be discussed in the module "Professional Responsibilities".</p>
							
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