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							<p>There are several reasons why research teams, whether based in a single institution or
								working across several different institutions or even countries, might collaborate:</p>

							<ul>
								<li>To expand research capacity</li>
								<li>To conduct interdisciplinary research</li>
								<li>To carry out international research.</li>
							</ul>

							<p>Collaborative research is common today and is often encouraged. It also brings in additional
								responsibilities that researchers must consider. </p>

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								<pod-modal-heading>Useful links</pod-modal-heading>
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										<p><a href="https://wcrif.org/montreal-statement/file" target="_blank">Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-Boundary Research Collaborations</a></p>
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							<h3>Responsibilities in larger collaborations</h3>

							<p>What responsibilities does collaborative research add? As an example, consider the following
								case:</p>

							<ul>
								<li><strong>Research team 1</strong> has just completed an important basic study. They now
									want to expand their work by collaborating with research teams 2 and 3</li>
								<li><strong>Research team 2</strong> is located in a different country and has access to
									information that will add a different perspective to the study</li>
								<li><strong>Research team 3</strong> has developed a novel approach that can be used to
									analyse the information they will be collecting.</li>
							</ul>

							<instructional-text class="bring-forward non-interactive-swap-out">
								<p>Work through the diagram below by clicking on the numbers positioned alongside the
									different steps in the collaboration process. Clicking on a number will bring up a
									pop-up box setting out the questions you should ask at each stage of a collaboration,
									using the case set out above as an example.</p>
							</instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible class="non-interactive-swap-in"><p>Continue on for information on the different steps in the collaboration process. Consider the questions you should ask at each stage of a collaboration, using the three teams described as an example. </p></instructional-text-accessible>

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								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="1" location="-17,269" placement="top" variant="block"
									heading="Considering any limitations imposed by grant-giving organisations"
									content="<ul><li>Does the grant come with any restrictions or requirements about sharing information outside of the team receiving the grant?</li><li>Are any collaborative agreements required before work begins?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="2" location="292,389" placement="top" variant="block"
									heading="Planning for the collaboration with research team 2"
									content="<ul><li>Are the rules for collecting and sharing information the same at the institution of research team 2 as they are at the institution of research team 1 (remember that institutions can set their own regulations)?</li><li>Are the rules for collecting and sharing information the same in the country of research team 2 as they are in the country of research team 1 (remember that countries have their own regulations regarding information sharing)?</li><li>If there is cost sharing (see the definition in the &ldquo;Additional information&rdquo; pod), does this add any additional requirements or restrictions?</li><li>How have the staff on research team 2 been trained? Does their training meet research team 1's requirements?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="3" location="568,337" placement="left" variant="block"
									heading="Collaborating with research team 2 responsibly"
									content="<ul><li>Is any of the research information or equipment subject to restrictions on sharing with or use in other countries (export controls)?</li><li>Can the research funds be used for expenses at another institution or in another country?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="4" location="648,147" placement="bottom" variant="block"
									heading="Asking the right questions about raw data"
									content="<ul><li>Can the raw data be shared/exported (remember that many countries limit the export of personal and some technical information)?</li><li>Who owns the raw data?</li><li>How secure is the transfer process?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="5" location="488,41" placement="bottom" variant="block"
									heading="Collaborating with research team 3 responsibly"
									content="<ul><li>Are there any limitations restricting research team 3 from sharing information?</li><li>Have the members of research team 3 received the required training?</li><li>Are there any restrictions on the use and sharing of the analytical tools?</li><li>Is the analysis team aware of any idiosyncrasies or weaknesses associated with the data? Do they fully understand the information they are analysing?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="6" location="180,63" placement="right" variant="block"
									heading="What happens next with the analysed data?"
									content="<ul><li>Can the processed data be shared/exported?</li><li>If the research is international, can the information/data be imported?</li></ul>">
								</labelled-graphic-hotspot>
								<labelled-graphic-hotspot label="7" location="-17,124" placement="bottom" variant="block"
									heading="Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of publications"
									content="<ul><li>Is all of the information reported in the publications accurate and reliable?</li><li><strong>Note:</strong> Even though it can be difficult, researchers are increasingly held responsible for all aspects of the work reported in publications. Relying on blind trust can get you in trouble if something goes wrong.</li></ul>">
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								<h4><strong>Step 1 of 7:</strong> Considering any limitations imposed by grant-giving organisations</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Does the grant come with any restrictions or requirements about sharing information outside of the team receiving the grant?</li>
									<li>Are any collaborative agreements required before work begins?</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 2 of 7:</strong> Planning for the collaboration with research team 2</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Are the rules for collecting and sharing information the same at the institution of research team 2 as they are at the institution of research team 1 (remember that institutions can set their own regulations)?</li>
									<li>Are the rules for collecting and sharing information the same in the country of research team 2 as they are in the country of research team 1 (remember that countries have their own regulations regarding information sharing)?</li>
									<li>If there is cost sharing (see the definition in the "Additional information" pod), does this add any additional requirements or restrictions?  </li>
									<li>How have the staff on research team 2 been trained? Does their training meet research team 1's requirements?</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 3 of 7:</strong> Collaborating with research team 2 responsibly</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Is any of the research information or equipment subject to restrictions on sharing with or use in other countries (export controls)? </li>
									<li>Can the research funds be used for expenses at another institution or in another country?</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 4 of 7:</strong> Asking the right questions about raw data</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Can the raw data be shared/exported (remember that many countries limit the export of personal and some technical information)?</li>
									<li>Who owns the raw data?</li>
									<li>How secure is the transfer process?  </li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 5 of 7:</strong> Collaborating with research team 3 responsibly</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Are there any limitations restricting research team 3 from sharing information?</li>
									<li>Have the members of research team 3 received the required training?</li>
									<li>Are there any restrictions on the use and sharing of the analytical tools?</li>
									<li>Is the analysis team aware of any idiosyncrasies or weaknesses associated with the data? Do they fully understand the information they are analysing?    </li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 6 of 7:</strong> What happens next with the analysed data?</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Can the processed data be shared/exported?</li>
									<li>If the research is international, can the information/data be imported?</li>
								</ul>
								<hr>
								<h4><strong>Step 7 of 7:</strong> Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of publications</h4>
								<ul>
									<li>Is all of the information reported in the publications accurate and reliable?</li>
									<li><strong>Note: </strong>Even though it can be difficult, researchers are increasingly held responsible for all aspects of the work reported in publications. Relying on blind trust can get you in trouble if something goes wrong.</li>
								</ul>
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							<!-- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION START -->
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								<pod-heading>Additional information</pod-heading> <!-- pod title -->
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								<pod-modal-heading>Additional information</pod-modal-heading>
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									<p><strong>Cost sharing:</strong> A requirement in research grants that one or more
										institutions benefiting from the grant contribute some of their own funds to the
										cost of the research.</p>
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							<p>Many of the questions raised in the activity above concern administrative issues, which are important and the responsibility of all the members of a research collaboration. There is, however, more to collaborative responsibilities than administration.</p>

							<h3>Three challenges facing collaborative research</h3>

							<p>Collaborative research raises the bar for responsibility in three crucial areas:</p>

							<ul>
								<li><strong>Administration/project management:</strong> Rules, regulations and best
									practices must be followed across the different research groups. Monitoring of this
									should be coordinated so that it can be ensured that everyone involved in the
									collaboration is meeting the minimum requirements</li>
								<li><strong>Quality control:</strong> Quality and reliability standards must be met by all
									collaborators</li>
								<li><strong>Culture:</strong> Disciplinary, regulatory (e.g. requirements for ethics
									review), institutional and national variations should be accommodated in the agreed best
									practices for the collaboration without compromising the integrity of the research.</li>
							</ul>

							<p>Now that it is clear what the best practices are for collaborative research, we can consider
								the sorts of issues that might arise when working with other research teams, as well as how
								such difficulties can be dealt with.</p>

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							<instructional-text><p>Choose your discipline area from the menu below to watch interviews where researchers discuss their experiences of collaboration.</p></instructional-text>
							<instructional-text-accessible><p>In the following interviews with researchers, you will gain a sense of the challenges that can arise during a collaboration and how they can be resolved.</p></instructional-text-accessible>

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									<accessible-text><h4>Arts & Humanities</h4></accessible-text>
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Biomedical Science</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384389503.hd.mp4?s=d2660b56954a2faa6669a1fa5e95b74cfa6ad2ee&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Engineering</h4></accessible-text>
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											video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371779.hd.mp4?s=1c663052c7836d3079bbdd0f01ab65844f6f0c44&profile_id=175"
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Natural Science</h4></accessible-text>
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									<accessible-text><hr><h4>Social Science</h4></accessible-text>
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								<h3>Arts & Humanities</h3>
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								<h3>Biomedical Science</h3>
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										video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384389503.hd.mp4?s=d2660b56954a2faa6669a1fa5e95b74cfa6ad2ee&profile_id=175"
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								<h3>Engineering</h3>
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										video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384371779.hd.mp4?s=1c663052c7836d3079bbdd0f01ab65844f6f0c44&profile_id=175"
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								<h3>Natural Science</h3>
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								<h3>Social Science</h3>
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										video-src="https://player.vimeo.com/external/384389489.hd.mp4?s=444584c4de88ed221b746c5fb3b269e95b1f274b&profile_id=175"
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							<p>Engaging in collaborative research is more complex than pursuing a project on your own, particularly if it involves many collaborators or researchers based in different countries. Because of this, everyone involved in a collaboration should ensure they are aware of their individual responsibilities to ensure the overall project can succeed.</p>

							<h3>Summary</h3>

							<p>Think of collaboration in terms of running a three-legged race &ndash; everyone must learn
								how to run together so no one falls. When you are part of a collaboration, you must:</p>

							<ul>
								<li>Know, understand and meet your responsibilities</li>
								<li>Consider and respect the needs of others</li>
								<li>Report concerns and problems to your collaboration leader.</li>
							</ul>

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