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<node TEXT="2. STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH" POSITION="right" ID="ID_1529072400" CREATED="1415027361976" MODIFIED="1415027391084" MOVED="1415032561649">
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<node TEXT="Several fire evacuation systems already exist" ID="ID_990677176" CREATED="1415031342951" MODIFIED="1415031361623">
<node TEXT="Nuclear plants" ID="ID_465933984" CREATED="1415031361627" MODIFIED="1415031366897"/>
<node TEXT="Aircraft" ID="ID_47046790" CREATED="1415031366901" MODIFIED="1415031372209"/>
<node TEXT="University buildings" ID="ID_367758970" CREATED="1415031372213" MODIFIED="1415031382199"/>
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<node TEXT="A game engine has already been used to compare the result of a simulation and of a real fire drill [Reference 5]" ID="ID_977614042" CREATED="1415031384840" MODIFIED="1415031443099">
<node TEXT="NPCs have poor social awareness" ID="ID_1645277436" CREATED="1415031453914" MODIFIED="1415031468444"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Limited guided evacuation in simulations, but real world buildings have fire marshals" ID="ID_1652208874" CREATED="1415031480908" MODIFIED="1415031535167">
<node TEXT="Leadership can have a significant effect" ID="ID_352237143" CREATED="1415031535171" MODIFIED="1415031549647"/>
<node ID="ID_93004914" CREATED="1415031549651" MODIFIED="1415032038623" LINK="http://flightsafety.org/fsd/fsd_feb89.pdf" MOVED="1415032088500"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">

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    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000">Restructuing of cabin crew training after Manchester Runway accident August 1985</font>
    </p>
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</richcontent>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Three technical elements required for a VE training system" ID="ID_641661144" CREATED="1415032588832" MODIFIED="1415032817230">
<node TEXT="Realisting 3D virtual environment" ID="ID_688736405" CREATED="1415032604561" MODIFIED="1415032618751"/>
<node TEXT="Participants" ID="ID_1171834110" CREATED="1415032618755" MODIFIED="1415032627549">
<node TEXT="Human player" ID="ID_1035085499" CREATED="1415032627553" MODIFIED="1415032630871"/>
<node TEXT="NPCs" ID="ID_499592529" CREATED="1415032630875" MODIFIED="1415032636333">
<node TEXT="May be modelled using Finite State Machine" ID="ID_664065747" CREATED="1415032677791" MODIFIED="1415032691335"/>
<node TEXT="Use a human to decide the social factors" ID="ID_1753063254" CREATED="1415032692303" MODIFIED="1415032712290"/>
<node TEXT="Instead use a Multi-Agent-Simulation" ID="ID_617804025" CREATED="1415032730144" MODIFIED="1415032753953">
<node TEXT="Target finding" ID="ID_1417659522" CREATED="1415032753957" MODIFIED="1415032764075"/>
<node TEXT="Pathway finding" ID="ID_343066444" CREATED="1415032764080" MODIFIED="1415032768068"/>
<node TEXT="Target recognition" ID="ID_1034904085" CREATED="1415032768072" MODIFIED="1415032781572"/>
<node TEXT="Few agent-based simulations include fire science knowledge" ID="ID_826317526" CREATED="1415032781577" MODIFIED="1415032801012"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Fire knowledge" ID="ID_212445473" CREATED="1415032639719" MODIFIED="1415032676586"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Interaction function" ID="ID_1434664640" CREATED="1415032817235" MODIFIED="1415032825957">
<node TEXT="Big advantage of VE" ID="ID_1967931750" CREATED="1415032825961" MODIFIED="1415032841735"/>
<node TEXT="Allows communication between player and NPCs" ID="ID_1937724804" CREATED="1415032841739" MODIFIED="1415032856216"/>
<node TEXT="Coordinating this will be a significant problem" ID="ID_1802044415" CREATED="1415032856220" MODIFIED="1415032868023"/>
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    <p>
      <b>In this version only going to work with human player and NPC evacuees</b>
    </p>
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<node TEXT="Limiting factors" ID="ID_725277018" CREATED="1415032951411" MODIFIED="1415032978763">
<node TEXT="Requirement for realistic visual effects" ID="ID_1154387573" CREATED="1415032978767" MODIFIED="1415033001686"/>
<node TEXT="Scientific data support" ID="ID_827910784" CREATED="1415033001690" MODIFIED="1415033015863"/>
<node TEXT="High code complexity" ID="ID_837605154" CREATED="1415033015867" MODIFIED="1415033023031"/>
<node TEXT="High hardware requirements" ID="ID_1977598289" CREATED="1415033023035" MODIFIED="1415033039056"/>
<node TEXT="Lack of domain knowledge" ID="ID_1360385881" CREATED="1415033039060" MODIFIED="1415033059567">
<node TEXT="Work with fire scientists" ID="ID_214744693" CREATED="1415033059571" MODIFIED="1415033069878"/>
<node TEXT="Fire scientists may have problems converting their knowledge to VE form" ID="ID_1143565636" CREATED="1415033071727" MODIFIED="1415033100065"/>
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<node TEXT="ABSTRACT" POSITION="left" ID="ID_1255172417" CREATED="1415027341677" MODIFIED="1415027349329">
<edge COLOR="#ff0000"/>
<node TEXT="Paper is (effectively) a research propsal for a PhD" ID="ID_612531250" CREATED="1415027456434" MODIFIED="1415027494903"/>
<node TEXT="Fires occur regularly and thus training for building evacuation is important" ID="ID_685034945" CREATED="1415027494907" MODIFIED="1415027526160"/>
<node TEXT="Virtual environments are often used to support training of users for emergencies" ID="ID_362248308" CREATED="1415027526164" MODIFIED="1415027555417"/>
<node TEXT="Current simulations lack useful NPCs" ID="ID_764502976" CREATED="1415027555421" MODIFIED="1415027583883"/>
<node TEXT="Hybrid method" ID="ID_1573512276" CREATED="1415027583887" MODIFIED="1415027597699">
<node TEXT="Gaming technology" ID="ID_256216881" CREATED="1415027597703" MODIFIED="1415027644699">
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<node TEXT="Agent programming" ID="ID_1946777412" CREATED="1415027615248" MODIFIED="1415027621443"/>
<node TEXT="Fire science knowledge" ID="ID_146608896" CREATED="1415027621447" MODIFIED="1415027638821"/>
<node TEXT="New evacuation training simulator for fire wardens" ID="ID_1805167488" CREATED="1415027644694" MODIFIED="1415027664604">
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<node TEXT="1. INTRODUCTION" POSITION="left" ID="ID_1523005695" CREATED="1415027349806" MODIFIED="1415027358915" MOVED="1415027447559">
<edge COLOR="#0000ff"/>
<node TEXT="Over 6000 building fires in New South Wales per year" ID="ID_1249188851" CREATED="1415027692588" MODIFIED="1415027800818">
<node ID="ID_566653385" CREATED="1415027746025" MODIFIED="1415027812533"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">

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    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000"><b>Needs reference!</b></font>
    </p>
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</node>
<node TEXT="People die because they don&apos;t know the approriate evacuation procedure" ID="ID_1814749932" CREATED="1415027828722" MODIFIED="1415027845652">
<node ID="ID_1645015098" CREATED="1415027847395" MODIFIED="1415027862007"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">

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  </head>
  <body>
    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000"><b>Needs reference!</b></font>
    </p>
  </body>
</html>

</richcontent>
</node>
<node TEXT="Panic delays evacuations" ID="ID_567326057" CREATED="1415027875621" MODIFIED="1415027884502"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Fire drills used to improve training" ID="ID_1076893282" CREATED="1415027895173" MODIFIED="1415027910678">
<node TEXT="Expensive" ID="ID_1728982876" CREATED="1415027912581" MODIFIED="1415027925417"/>
<node TEXT="Unrealistic" ID="ID_1753317909" CREATED="1415027925421" MODIFIED="1415027930929"/>
<node TEXT="Difficult to practice" ID="ID_1384363974" CREATED="1415027930933" MODIFIED="1415027949320"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Virtual reality as an alternative" ID="ID_68653782" CREATED="1415027732772" MODIFIED="1415027965945">
<node TEXT="Simulates realistic environment" ID="ID_560481293" CREATED="1415027967912" MODIFIED="1415027993721"/>
<node TEXT="Multiple tools for prototyping virtual environments (VE)" ID="ID_1377401406" CREATED="1415027994842" MODIFIED="1415028036109">
<node TEXT="Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML)" ID="ID_4106368" CREATED="1415028036114" MODIFIED="1415028061542"/>
<node TEXT="3DVIA virtools" ID="ID_887680985" CREATED="1415028061546" MODIFIED="1415028073286"/>
<node TEXT="Game engines" ID="ID_303644029" CREATED="1415028073291" MODIFIED="1415028086670">
<node TEXT="Graphics tools" ID="ID_1436191183" CREATED="1415028094670" MODIFIED="1415028178048">
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<node TEXT="Good for rendering scenes" ID="ID_1931377209" CREATED="1415028113053" MODIFIED="1415028128848"/>
<node TEXT="Can be used for prototyping" ID="ID_1909501620" CREATED="1415028128853" MODIFIED="1415028142832"/>
<node ID="ID_904936372" CREATED="1415028178043" MODIFIED="1415028197565"><richcontent TYPE="NODE">

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    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000"><b>Needs references!</b></font>
    </p>
  </body>
</html>

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<hook NAME="SummaryNode"/>
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<node TEXT="Smith &amp; Trenholm developed virtual fire drill using SOURCE ENGINE" ID="ID_1317971927" CREATED="1415028142837" MODIFIED="1415028165393"/>
</node>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="Participants in fire emergency categorised by role and location" ID="ID_490426657" CREATED="1415028226178" MODIFIED="1415028276869">
<node TEXT="Indoors" ID="ID_1684884194" CREATED="1415028280948" MODIFIED="1415028314263">
<node TEXT="Residents" ID="ID_1078750242" CREATED="1415028314267" MODIFIED="1415028364528">
<hook NAME="FirstGroupNode"/>
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<node TEXT="Fire wardens" ID="ID_1221656268" CREATED="1415028340021" MODIFIED="1415028398171"/>
<node TEXT="Know building well" ID="ID_834568108" CREATED="1415028364524" MODIFIED="1415028368441">
<hook NAME="SummaryNode"/>
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<node TEXT="Visitors" ID="ID_612074643" CREATED="1415028336918" MODIFIED="1415028340017" MOVED="1415028350516">
<node TEXT="Don&apos;t know building well" ID="ID_910677357" CREATED="1415028352935" MODIFIED="1415028360169"/>
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<node TEXT="Outdoors" ID="ID_603384356" CREATED="1415028402249" MODIFIED="1415028405883">
<node TEXT="Evacuated residents" ID="ID_45906061" CREATED="1415028405887" MODIFIED="1415028413901"/>
<node TEXT="Emergency services" ID="ID_1501160049" CREATED="1415028413905" MODIFIED="1415028419819">
<node TEXT="Firefighters" ID="ID_1829634550" CREATED="1415028419823" MODIFIED="1415028423957"/>
<node TEXT="Paramedics" ID="ID_1045208082" CREATED="1415028423962" MODIFIED="1415028428700"/>
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<node TEXT="Three main areas of research needed" ID="ID_1460126858" CREATED="1415028597106" MODIFIED="1415028605396" MOVED="1415028804596">
<node TEXT="" ID="ID_1593195982" CREATED="1415028720725" MODIFIED="1415028758378">
<hook URI="project://14956A79370AP55UT9PHGCN0A5BSP3QV3EC3/literature_repository/Games%20SE/Figure1.png" SIZE="1.0" NAME="ExternalObject"/>
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<node TEXT="Building fire simulations" ID="ID_1429559515" CREATED="1415028678038" MODIFIED="1415028689184" MOVED="1415028820079"/>
<node TEXT="Virtual environment (game engine)" ID="ID_1130168556" CREATED="1415028689188" MODIFIED="1415028705225" MOVED="1415028817263">
<node TEXT="Single player walk-throughs" ID="ID_1857808660" CREATED="1415029341344" MODIFIED="1415029416171">
<hook NAME="FirstGroupNode"/>
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<node TEXT="Multiple autonomous NPCs" ID="ID_853539933" CREATED="1415029351218" MODIFIED="1415029374147"/>
<node TEXT="Already exist" ID="ID_774464590" CREATED="1415029416166" MODIFIED="1415029420724">
<hook NAME="SummaryNode"/>
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</node>
<node TEXT="Human behaviour modelling" ID="ID_241659254" CREATED="1415028705229" MODIFIED="1415028720720" MOVED="1415028813952"/>
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<node TEXT="Modelling human behaviour using VR is a major research field" ID="ID_223679910" CREATED="1415029468933" MODIFIED="1415029499640">
<node TEXT="Real human behaviour" ID="ID_828022338" CREATED="1415029510183" MODIFIED="1415029542969">
<node TEXT="Stochastic (random)" ID="ID_1990909033" CREATED="1415029542973" MODIFIED="1415029551355"/>
<node TEXT="Complex" ID="ID_1227241264" CREATED="1415029551359" MODIFIED="1415029558636"/>
<node TEXT="Highly personalised" ID="ID_1442018453" CREATED="1415029558640" MODIFIED="1415029565316"/>
<node TEXT="Easily affected by environmental factors" ID="ID_1546783952" CREATED="1415029565320" MODIFIED="1415029581835"/>
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<node TEXT="AI behaviour" ID="ID_23343121" CREATED="1415029589723" MODIFIED="1415029605612">
<node TEXT="Used to simulate NPCs" ID="ID_1979565811" CREATED="1415029605616" MODIFIED="1415029614310"/>
<node TEXT="Not good at talking fire science into account" ID="ID_533188693" CREATED="1415029614314" MODIFIED="1415029628301">
<node TEXT="Heat" ID="ID_366119400" CREATED="1415029628305" MODIFIED="1415029630927"/>
<node TEXT="Smoke" ID="ID_1236350146" CREATED="1415029630931" MODIFIED="1415029635071"/>
<node TEXT="Toxic gas" ID="ID_1851347054" CREATED="1415029635075" MODIFIED="1415031066459"/>
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</node>
<node TEXT="Evacuation simulation tools" ID="ID_826959723" CREATED="1415029661757" MODIFIED="1415029683855">
<node TEXT="Used by psychologist &amp; fire scientists" ID="ID_1472669693" CREATED="1415029683859" MODIFIED="1415029702055"/>
<node TEXT="Evacuation models used to simulate evacuation activities" ID="ID_1709608066" CREATED="1415029704992" MODIFIED="1415029737442"/>
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<node TEXT="VE method" ID="ID_1254988901" CREATED="1415031015000" MODIFIED="1415031030665">
<node TEXT="Limited in fire science knowledge" ID="ID_1839377028" CREATED="1415031032072" MODIFIED="1415031041635"/>
<node TEXT="Limited visual effects" ID="ID_1268116662" CREATED="1415031041639" MODIFIED="1415031051051"/>
<node TEXT="Limited interaction" ID="ID_186741582" CREATED="1415031051055" MODIFIED="1415031060484"/>
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<node TEXT="POSSIBLE SOLUTION" ID="ID_1412336307" CREATED="1415031097845" MODIFIED="1415031117805">
<node TEXT="Reusing fire evaulation simulators to support NPC behaviour modelling with added fire science" ID="ID_1407369922" CREATED="1415031120524" MODIFIED="1415031161839"/>
<node TEXT="Use fire evacuation models to generate evacuation plans &amp; NPC behaviour scripts" ID="ID_210481037" CREATED="1415031170158" MODIFIED="1415031199114"/>
<node TEXT="Use a game engine to create highly realistic environments" ID="ID_423537652" CREATED="1415031199118" MODIFIED="1415031224867">
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    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000">How will this be tested?</font>
    </p>
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</html>

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  <body>
    <p>
      <font color="#ff0000">Where's the interactivity?</font>
    </p>
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<node TEXT="3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR MODELLING" POSITION="right" ID="ID_235335258" CREATED="1415027364481" MODIFIED="1415027422475">
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<node TEXT="Aims of the project" ID="ID_1814228548" CREATED="1415033412701" MODIFIED="1415033425087">
<node TEXT="Develop new VEs using game engines" ID="ID_1169570713" CREATED="1415033425091" MODIFIED="1415033439617"/>
<node TEXT="Build a new NPC human behaviour model" ID="ID_1442623407" CREATED="1415033439621" MODIFIED="1415033452761">
<node TEXT="Based on fire evacuation models" ID="ID_331429020" CREATED="1415033631255" MODIFIED="1415033649786"/>
<node TEXT="Able to make decisions &amp; find pathways" ID="ID_1998050414" CREATED="1415033649790" MODIFIED="1415033673099"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="Model and script the social behaviours using software agents" ID="ID_1015294972" CREATED="1415033452765" MODIFIED="1415033489617">
<node TEXT="Fire wardens" ID="ID_287191112" CREATED="1415033489621" MODIFIED="1415033497100"/>
<node TEXT="Staff" ID="ID_1932723111" CREATED="1415033497103" MODIFIED="1415033499547"/>
<node TEXT="Students" ID="ID_1977962777" CREATED="1415033499551" MODIFIED="1415033502251"/>
<node TEXT="Low cost" ID="ID_1655259757" CREATED="1415033502255" MODIFIED="1415033504836"/>
<node TEXT="High fidelity" ID="ID_1997866266" CREATED="1415033504840" MODIFIED="1415033510124" MOVED="1415033528653"/>
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<node TEXT="Create a framework of agent-based behaviour" ID="ID_681525204" CREATED="1415033533788" MODIFIED="1415033564302"/>
<node TEXT="Allow interaction between player and NPCs" ID="ID_1330723785" CREATED="1415033564306" MODIFIED="1415033589205"/>
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<node TEXT="Will run as a computer game level in a game engine" ID="ID_894601191" CREATED="1415033590117" MODIFIED="1415033618185"/>
<node TEXT="Behaviour model will be based on existin fire science and fire simulation knowledge" ID="ID_1189725728" CREATED="1415033618189" MODIFIED="1415033701364"/>
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<node TEXT="4. EVALUATION" POSITION="right" ID="ID_1020950751" CREATED="1415027422479" MODIFIED="1415027431491">
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<node TEXT="Time factors" ID="ID_746125108" CREATED="1415033710090" MODIFIED="1415033716421">
<node TEXT="Ideal exit time (from existing evacuation model simulations)" ID="ID_1046449148" CREATED="1415033727595" MODIFIED="1415033780652">
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<node TEXT="Evaluation exit time (observed from humans playing the game)" ID="ID_167951844" CREATED="1415033749218" MODIFIED="1415033775102"/>
<node TEXT="Allows a performance/reliability to be calculated" ID="ID_1206066630" CREATED="1415033780648" MODIFIED="1415033819800">
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<node TEXT="AI behaviour realism" ID="ID_1623879782" CREATED="1415033716425" MODIFIED="1415033726609">
<node TEXT="Explore the influence of NPC actions" ID="ID_994051489" CREATED="1415033846976" MODIFIED="1415033860209">
<node TEXT="Rational" ID="ID_1421637353" CREATED="1415033860213" MODIFIED="1415033863755"/>
<node TEXT="Irrational" ID="ID_759146588" CREATED="1415033863759" MODIFIED="1415033868347"/>
</node>
</node>
<node TEXT="High graphic realism may not be needed but will be explored" ID="ID_453184291" CREATED="1415033821903" MODIFIED="1415033845475"/>
<node TEXT="Explore the interaction of player and NPCs" ID="ID_183750301" CREATED="1415033880915" MODIFIED="1415033890435"/>
</node>
<node TEXT="5. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK" POSITION="right" ID="ID_492505958" CREATED="1415027431496" MODIFIED="1415027443481">
<edge COLOR="#ffff00"/>
<node TEXT="The aim is not to build a marketable new system but to explore the use of games engines for training simulations" ID="ID_1514053318" CREATED="1415033915795" MODIFIED="1415033979079"/>
<node TEXT="Currently analysing the results of simulation models" ID="ID_258709860" CREATED="1415033982310" MODIFIED="1415034008361"/>
<node TEXT="Next step is to build an appropriate agent-based framework" ID="ID_1548450331" CREATED="1415034008365" MODIFIED="1415034028738"/>
<node TEXT="Future work might expand the environments non-fire VE simulations" ID="ID_1713347944" CREATED="1415034028742" MODIFIED="1415034065988"/>
</node>
</node>
</map>
