Personality and memory have generated significant research in the field of Personality Psychology. This study aimed to ascertain if there was an association between levels of extraversion and memory performance. Earlier research by Luchetti et al., (2021) established that there was a significant correlation between personality and memory. This study consisted of a Persons Product Moment Correlation analysis. Thirty-five participants were recruited through the Experiment Management System. The participants completed part one of a memory recall task on a lab computer (immediate recall), completed an extraversion questionnaire, and then finally the second part of the memory recall test (delayed recall). The results identified a weak, positive correlation between extraversion and memory performance, r = .16, N = 35, p > .05. However, this relationship was non-significant and the hypothesis was rejected. (Table 1 and Figure 1). The hypothesis is still valid to explore through additional factors that influence personality. Introduction. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Specifically, personality is contributing to the understanding of behaviour, thinking, emotions, and experience including developmental and personal issues (Ickes, 2009). Personality traits can influence how a person remembers and constructs memory (Kihlstrom, 2017). Memory is the recollection of events either through short or long term memory. Previous research has signified high memory performance in extraverts (El Haj et al., 2021). Carl Jung (1933) was the first to distinguish between introverts and extroverts (Zuckerman, 2005). Personality trait theory was developed by Eysenck who later included these terms in his personality questionnaire. (1947, as cited in Davey, 2019). The theory originated with the Big Two traits of introversion – extroversion and emotional stability – instability (neuroticism). Eysenck demonstrated a nomothetic approach using factors that everyone can be compared to. In contrast, Allport established an idiographic approach which sees the person as a whole with individual traits, humanistic (1961, as cited in Gross, 2020, 709). It assumes that extraversion affects arousal which in response affects performance (Mathews, 1985). The theory was further developed by Costa and McCrae’s (1985) Five Factor model of personality traits (FFM), offering a clarification of individual differences. For the purpose of this study the personality trait extraversion will be applied. Extraversion is defined in the Big Five Inventory (Ickes, 2009) as a person who is assertive, sociable, confident, dominant, and sensation seeking. This document is a coherent framework of personality traits. As stated by Katsumi et al., (2017) there is strong evidence to support the theory that extraversion is linked to enhanced memory and better working memory performance. Eysenck expresses that extraverts make reduced number of errors and have superior memory performance compared to introverts (1976, as cited in El Haj, 2021, 436). It is implied that extraverts demonstrate better memory because they are socially aware of their interactions compared to introverts that maintain their focus elsewhere (Graf, 2012, as cited in El Haj et al., 2021, 437). Memory is the ability to learn from the things that are remembered. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968, 1971) Multi-store Model (MSM) memory is analysed in terms of short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). According to Heffernan and Ling (2001) these are also referred to as retrospective memory (past events or previously learned information) and prospective memory (remembering to do things in the future). Memories are the building up of information through stages (Davey, 2019). Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed that the longer information is retained in short-term memory the more likely it is to get transferred to the long-term memory. To test a person’s ability to retrieve a memory is called ‘recall’. Memory recall for words can be recalled in any order, free recall (1968, as cited in Gross, 2020, 282). Memory recall is observed through immediate recall (STM) and delayed recall (LTM). A study conducted by Luchetti et al., (2021) supports the relationship between personality and memory. For instance, this relationship is paramount when assessing the reliability of witness statements (Areh & Umek, 2007). It is hypothesised that there will be a relationship between levels of extraversion and memory performance. Method. Participants. Thirty-five participants were recruited to take part in this study through the Experiment Management System (thirteen males, twenty females and 2 non-binary). The participants ages ranged between 18 and 69 (M = 28.97, SD = 11.30). Design. A Persons Product Moment correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship/correlation between variables. The levels of extraversion (M = 24.71, SD = 3.09) and total memory (M = 9.6, SD = 3.46). Materials. The data was collected in a lab using Superlab and the Qualtrics survey system. A laptop was set up for the participants to access the Qualtrics survey. Allowing for ease of switching between the Superlab task on the computer to the Big Five Inventory survey on the laptop. The questionnaire used to collect data on personality was from the Big Five Inventory (Appendix D). This is a universal document on the dimensions of personality traits. Only the items on the extraversion subscale have been included for this study (BFI; John & Srivastava, 1999). The participants were directed to answer 8 questions on personality characteristics. For example, ‘Is outgoing and sociable’. The responses were obtained from the completion of the 5-point Likert scale. It required the participants to rate how they agreed or disagreed with the statements. The scale consisted of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) with a score of 3 indicates neither agree nor disagree. The final scores were obtained from reverse scoring the negatively worded statements. Therefore, higher final scores demonstrated higher levels of extraversion. The memory recall test was accessed through Superlab. The words were selected from the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW). ANEW was developed to support the study of emotion and attention through a standardised approach. This allows for studies to be reliably replicated. The words were selected from the affective norms to ensure that the words were neutral. Ten words were selected that were 2 syllable words and had a neutral valence score of between 5 and 5.5 (Appendix E). The valence scores ensure that the word is neither pleasant or unpleasant. The arousal level of the words was neutral to ensure that the word did not activate an emotional response in the participant. Each word was in Arial, black and size 90 font. Black was used for the words to ensure that it would stand out against the white background which is important for individual eye strength and the possibility of a participant being colour-blind. The individual words were displayed on the screen for 2 seconds, followed by a blank screen for 400 milliseconds. After the ten words were observed, the participants were allocated 30 seconds to recall as many of the words (immediate recall). After completing the personality questionnaire, the participants were then asked to recall as many of the previous words as they could remember (delayed recall). This time there was no time restriction for recalling the words. The final scoring for the memory recall test was out of twenty overall, the sum of the immediate (STM) and delayed recall (LTM) (Cowan, 2008). The memory test and personality questionnaire are established method of research, indicating high validity, and allowing for strong retest reliability (Heffernan & Ling, 2001). Procedure. Participants were recruited for the study via the Experiment Management System (EMS). The study was conducted in a lab where the participants were taken to a laptop where they began the study. They began by completing the study information sheet (Appendix A), followed by the consent form (Appendix B) and then they completed the demographic information. Once consent had been given the participants were directed to a computer and asked to follow the instruction on the screen for the first part of the study. The computer automatically began the first part of the memory recall task (immediate recall) Appendix E. Once completed the participants were directed back to the laptop for the next part of the study. They were instructed to complete and extraversion questionnaire via Qualtrics (Appendix D). After the questionnaire was the final part of the study, the second part of the memory recall task (delayed recall) Appendix E. Once completed the participant selected yes to finish the study. They were then taken to a debrief form (Appendix C) and then finally thanked for their participation. Results. r = .16, N = 35, p > .05 A Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between levels of extraversion and memory performance. The mean and standard deviations for variables included in this study are presented in Table 1 below. Figure 1 highlights the direction of the relationship. The results show a weak, positive correlation between extraversion and memory recall but this relationship was non-significant. This indicates that there was no relationship between total extraversion and total memory recall and that the hypothesis must be rejected. Table 1. Descriptive statistics for variables included in this study. Variable M SD Total extraversion 24.71 3.09 Total Memory 9.6 3.46 Figure 1. Scatter graph displaying correlation between total extraversion and total memory. Discussion. As evaluated in the results section the hypothesis was rejected as there was a non-significant relationship between extraversion and memory performance. The data generated a weak, positive correlation but this did not validate previous research. For instance, Luchetti et al., (2021) study concluded that there is a significant relationship between levels of extraversion and memory performance. A factor that may have affected the data in this study was the small sample size. This may not be a true representation of a population sample. By using a larger sample, it can generate more representative data (Katsumi et al., 2017). The personality questionnaire may have been influenced by the participant completing the statements in how they think others perceive them or how they want to be perceived. This may not represent their genuine personality and therefore the levels of extraversion may not be accurate. Personality can be influenced by multiple factors. Neuropsychological research has reported that individuals with memory difficulties have a fascinating ability to have long-term memory without short-term memory. To illustrate, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease have the ability to complete immediate recall (STM) but not delayed recall (LTM) (Davey, 2019). Further study into psychopathology would identify distractions and how focusing attention can influence personality and the ability to complete memory tasks. For instance, how would having anxiety or depression influence memory performance? There may be a relationship between cognition and mind and if they are interdependent processes as stated by Glannon (2019). Personality can be influenced by other factors such as sex. According to Luchetti et al., (2021) the study found a stronger association between neuroticism and memory in men than women, and openness and memory was stronger among women. This demonstrates the need to research further by considering the socio-cultural environment and how it influences personality and memory. In conclusion, the results did not support the original hypothesis. Evidence showed that there was a weak, positive correlation between personality and memory this was non-significant. The original hypothesis is still valid and needs to be explored further. Additional research could include looking at memory difficulties in individuals who have a mental health condition (through psychopathology), and the wider socio-cultural environment and how it influences personality and memory.